The belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience. It is generally characterised by the use of the scientific method in psychology.
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Introspection
The process by which a person gains knowledge about his or her own mental and emotional syayes as a result of examination or observation of their conscious thoughts and feelings.
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Scientific method
Refers to the use of investigative methods that are objective, systematic and replicable, and the formulation, testing and modification of hypotheses based on these methods.
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Behaviourist
People who believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without the need to consider thoughts or feelings.
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Classical conditioning
When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response.
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Operant conditioning
Learning through reinforcement or punishment. If a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence then that behaviour is more likely to occur again in the future.
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Punishment
Involves the application of an unpleasant consequence following a behaviour, with the result that the behaviour is less likely to occur again in the future.
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Reinforcement
A term used in psychology to refer to anything that strengthens a response and increases the likelihood that it will occur again in the future.
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Identification
A form of influence where an individual adopts an attitude or behaviour because they want to be associated with a particular person or group.
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Imitation
The action of using someone or something as a model and copying their behaviour.
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Mediational processes
Refers to the internal mental processes that exist between environmental stimuli and the response made by an individual to those stimuli.
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Modelling
A form of learning where individuals learn a particular behaviour by observing
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Social learning theory
Learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded.
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Vicarious reinforcement
Learning that is not a result of direct reinforcement of behaviour, but through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour.
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Cognitive
Relates to mental processes such as perception, memory and reasoning.
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Cognitive neuroscience
An area of psychology dedicated to the underlying neural bases of cognitive functions.
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Computer model
Refers to the process of using computer analogies as a representation of human cognition.
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Inference/inferring
This means reaching a logical conclusion on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
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Schema
A cognitive framework that helps to organise and interpret information in the brain. Schemas help an individual to make sense of new information.
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Theoretical models
In cognitive psychology, models are simplified, usually pictorial, representations of a particular mental process based on current research evidence.
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Biological approach
Views humans as biological organisms and so provides biological explanations for all aspects of psychological functioning.
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Evolution
Refers to the change over successive generations of the genetic make-up of a particular population. The central proposition of an evolutionary perspective is that the genotype of a population is changeable rather than fixed.
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Gene
A part of the chromosome of an organism that carries information in the form of DNA.
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Genotype
The genetic make-up of an individual. The genotype is a collection of inherited genetic material that is passed from generation to generation.
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Natural selection
The process by which inherited characteristics that enhance an individual's reproductive success are passed on to
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Neurochemistry
The study of chemical and neural processes associated with the nervous system.
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Phenotype
The observable characteristics of an individual. This is a consequence of the interaction of the genotype with the environment.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
The process by which a person gains knowledge about his or her own mental and emotional syayes as a result of examination or observation of their conscious thoughts and feelings.
Back
Introspection
Card 3
Front
Refers to the use of investigative methods that are objective, systematic and replicable, and the formulation, testing and modification of hypotheses based on these methods.
Back
Card 4
Front
People who believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without the need to consider thoughts or feelings.
Back
Card 5
Front
When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response.
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