Approaches in Psychology

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Structuralism
Studying the structure of the human mind and thoughts and breaking them down into basic elements.
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Introspection
A method of data collection which involves observing and describing our inner mental state. Introspection allows us to report our inner world of thought in terms of intensity, duration and quality.
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Empiricism
It means that knowledge and abilities come from experience and observation rather than being born with .
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The scientific process ( THE HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE model)
1. observation 2. theory 3. hypothesis 4. results (which are analysed whether the hypothesis is supported or not)
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Features of science (F.R.O.G.S.)
Falisifiable, Replicable, Objective, General laws, Systematic
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Falisifiable
All theories and researches must be capable of being disproved, if they're not it's unfalsifiable and not scientific.
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Replicable
This is a characteristic of research where repeating the experiment will result in the same findings. This can be achieved by using standardized procedures and instructions.
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Objective
This is where researchers do not let any preconceived ideas, biases or expectations influence the experiment. This is achieved by studying measurable and observable concepts.
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General laws
Using evidence to develop basic generalizable principles about human behaviour that apply to all individuals.
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Systematic
Evidence or recordings are carried out in a controlled orderly manner using direct observations.
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Strength of Wilhelm Wundt's work
Structuralism and Introspection led to some useful general laws. Wundt's work has ultimately helped psychology become recognised
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Weaknesses of Wundt's work
1.Introspection can be highly subjective, lack of numerical data 2.Introspection can lack accuracy/validity. Low ecological validity
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I.Four parts of the biological approach
1.Evolution 2. Neuroanatomy 3. Neurochemistry 4.Genes
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1. Evolution and Behaviour: Definition of evolution
The gradual change within a species of several generations in response to environmental changes
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Natural selection
The process where inherited characteristics that enhance chance of survival will be passed on to the next generation
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Adaptation
Refers to a behaviour or a trait that increases the chance of survival and boost reproductive success
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Survival of the fittest
Only those most suited to the environment who possess certain characteristics will survive and be able to reproduce
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2.Genes and Behaviour: definition of genotype
A unique gene, which is the genetic constitution of an individual
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Phenotype
The interaction between the environment and the inherited characteristics
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Identical and non-identical twins
Identical-monozygotic Non-identical - dizygotic
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3.Neuroanatomy
Tries to map the relationship between different areas of the brain and their functions.
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4. Neurochemistry
Concerns all of the chemical processes that take place in the brain
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Neutrotransmitters
They are chemical messengers that are released from the neurons.
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Functions of neurotransmitters
Communicating with each other and relaying messages to different areas
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Strengths of Biological approach
1.It has made huge contributions to help society including accessible ways to treat mental health problems, it's benefitted society. 2.It's extremely scientific:uses both falsifiable and objective measures. 3. Evidence:HM study
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Weaknesses of the Biological approach
1. A lot of research and knowledge gained from the biological approach has taken place on non-human animals/evolutionary discontinuity 2. Researches like HM has major limitations, we cannot generalise the results to everyone
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II. Learning approach
Highly scientifc, and fully measurable
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Three key ways in which we learn behaviour
Consequences, Imitation, Association
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Classical conditioning
Association. Pavlov's experiment with dog and the saliva/
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Extinction
If Pavlov rang the bell and stopped bringing food the salivation would stop
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Spontaneous recovery
If after a good period of time the food reappeared the response would get back immediately
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Discrimination
If you're learned to associate rabbits with fear you are only afraid of rabbits and nothing else
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Generalisation
You associate rabbits with fear, but it then becomes generalised onto similar things e.g. guinea pigs
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One trial learning
Food poisoning. When conditioning occurs immediately after one trial only
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Operant Conditioning
Consequences. Skinner's theory: behaviour is determined by the consequences of the past behaviour
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Positive reinforcement
Giving something pleasant to increase the frequency of the behaviour
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Negative reinforcement
Increasing the frequency of behaviour by using consequences that are pleasant when they stop.Reinforcing by taking away something it didn't like
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Punishment
Decreasing the frequency of behaviour by using consequences that are unpleasant when they happen
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Primary reinforces
Things that fulfill basic needs
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Secondary reinforces
Material stuff such as money, clothes
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Social Learning Theory
Imitation. We learn through observing different types of role models
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Live models
parents, older siblings
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Verbal instructional model
driving instructor
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Symbolic model
celebrities, characters
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Imitation
When we copy the behaviour of our chosen role model
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Identification
People who we identify with, those who we copy
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Modelling
When you model yourself onto them
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Vicarious reinforcement
This happens when we see role models rewarded for behaving a certaiin way, encouraging us to reproduce that behaviour to get the same rewards
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Vicarious punishment
Learning by the punishment of your role model gets.A
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Strengths of the learning approach
1.It's made major contributions to help society eg. ways to treat mental helth problems/ unlearning phobias- 91% effective
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Strengths of the learning approach
2. It is extremely scientific. This approach uses both objective and falsifiable methods. It only measures behaviour nothing else (Bandura's bobo doll experiment)
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Strengths of the learning approach
There is a lot of evidence to support htis approach: Little Albertexperiment showed how behaviour can be shaped through CC.
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Weaknesses of the learning approach
It is accused of being environmental deterministic:Skinner argues that everything we do is the sum of consequences, and it ignores genetics.
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Weakness of the learing approach
Animal research is criticised as being evolutionary discontinuity which means that animals and humans have qualitative differences so the findings cannot be generalised onto humans
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III. Cognitive approach
Modern approach, main assumption is that all behaviour is driven by thought processes
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Information processing approach
In a linear system, the information flows through the brain in a way that seems logical: input-process-output
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Schemas
how we develop our knowledge about everything. Schemas are mental structures which contain knowledge, they help us make sense of the world
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Introspection

Back

A method of data collection which involves observing and describing our inner mental state. Introspection allows us to report our inner world of thought in terms of intensity, duration and quality.

Card 3

Front

Empiricism

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

The scientific process ( THE HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE model)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Features of science (F.R.O.G.S.)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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