Approaches flashcards

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  • Created by: gemshort
  • Created on: 14-11-17 19:17
What is the behaviourist approach?
A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning
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What is classical conditioning?
Learning by association. Occurs when 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together - an UCS and a new NS. The NS eventually produces the same response that was produced by the UCS
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What is operant conditioning?
A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences. Possible consequences of behaviour include positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment
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What is reinforcement?
A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated. Can be positive or negative
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What are the 3 types of consequence for behaviour and which increase the likelihood that it will be repeated?
Positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated whilst punishment decreases the likelihood
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What are two strengths of the behaviourist approach?
Scientific credibility and practical application
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What are three weaknesses of the behaviourist approach?
Mechanistic view of behaviour, environmental determinism and ethical/practical issues in animal experiments
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What is social learning theory?
A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors
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What is imitation?
Copying the behaviour of others
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What is identification?
When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like them
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What is modelling?
From the observer's perspective, modelling is imitating the behaviour of a role model. From the role model's perspective, modelling is the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that may be imitated by an observer
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What is vicarious reinforcement?
Reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for behaviour. The behaviour will often only be imitated if it is seen to be reinforced
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What are meditational processes?
Cognitive factors (i.e. thinking) that influence learning and come between stimulus and response
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What are the four mediational processes identified by Bandura?
Attention - the extent to which we notice certain behaviours; retention - how well the behaviour is remembered; motor reproduction - the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour; motivation - the will to perform the behaviour
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What are three strengths of social learning theory?
It provides a comprehensive explanation, it explains cultural differences in behaviour and it is less determinist than the behaviourist approach
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What are two weaknesses of social learning theory?
It has an over-reliance on evidence from lab studies and it underestimates the influence of biological factors
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What is the cognitive approach?
The term 'cognitive' has come to mean 'mental processes', so this approach is focused on how our mental processes (e.g. thoughts, perception, attention) affect behaviour
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What are internal mental processes?
'Private' operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response
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What is a schema?
A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed through experience
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What is inference?
The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour
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What is cognitive neuroscience?
The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes
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What are theoretical models?
Theoretical models show how information flows through the cognitive system, for example the information processing approach and the multistore model of memory
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What are computer models?
The mind is compared to a computer by suggesting there are similarities in the way information is processed, e.g. central processing unit (the brain), coding (to turn information into a useable format) and the use of 'stores' to hold information
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What are three strengths of the cognitive approach?
It has a credible scientific basis, it has increased the status of psychology and it is founded on soft determinism
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What are two weaknesses of the cognitive approach?
It has been accused of machine reductionism and it lacks external validity
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What is the biological approach?
A perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural function
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What are genes?
They make up chromosomes and consist of DNA, which codes for the physical and psychological features of an organism. Genes are transmitted from parents to offspring, i.e. they are inherited
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What is a biological structure?
An arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ, system or living thing
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What is neurochemistry?
Relating to chemicals in the brain which regulate psychological functions
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What is genotype?
The particular set of genes that a person possesses
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What is phenotype?
The characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and environment
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What is evolution?
The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations
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What is a twin study?
Twin studies are used to determine the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic basis by comparing concordance rates between pairs of twins
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What are two strengths of the biological approach?
It uses scientific methods of study and it has practical application in treatment
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What are three weaknesses of the biological approach?
It is not based on cause and effect, it is determinist and the same findings can be interpreted differently
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What is the psychodynamic approach?
A perspective that describes the different forces, most of which are unconscious, that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience
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What is the id?
Entirely unconscious, the id is made up of selfish, aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification
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What is the ego?
The 'reality check' that balances the conflicting demands of the id and the superego
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What is the superego?
The moralistic part of our personality that represents the ideal self: how we ought to be
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What are the psychosexual stages? (definition)
According to Freud, they are five developmental stages that all children pass through. At most stages there is a specific conflict, the outcome of which determines future development
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What are the five psychosexual stages?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
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What is psychoanalysis?
The therapist analyses the patient's experiences and emotions, uncovering their traumatic past experiences from the unconscious. It can take years to complete
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What is free association?
Breaking down the ego's defences through saying everything in your mind without censoring it
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What is dream analysis?
Termed 'the royal road to the unconscious', dream analysis involves the patient describing their dreams and the psychoanalyst finding meaning in the objects/situations involved. Hidden content in dreams is called latent content
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What are two strengths of the psychodynamic approach?
It has had a huge influence on psychology and it has practical application
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What are two weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach?
It is not scientific and lacks generalisability and it is not a science - it is a psuedoscience
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What is humanistic psychology?
An approach to understanding behaviour that emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each person's capacity for self-determination
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What is free will?
The notion that humans make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces
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What is self-actualisation?
The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil one's potential - becoming what you are capable of
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What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
A five-levelled hierarchical sequence in which basic needs must be satisfied before higher psychological needs can be achieved
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What is the self?
The ideas and values that characterise 'I' and 'me' and includes perception and valuing of 'what I am' and 'what I can do'
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What is congruence?
The aim of Rogerian therapy, when the self concept and ideal self are seen to broadly accord or match
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What are conditions of worth?
When a parent places limits on their love of their children, for instance, a parent saying to a child 'I will only love you if you study medicine'
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What are the needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
Physiological needs: food, water, warmth, rest - Safety needs: security - Belongingness and love needs: intimate relationships, friends - Esteem needs: prestige and feelings of accomplishment - Self-actualisation: achieving one's full potential
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What is client-centred therapy?
The therapist's role is to remain calm, show high levels of empathy and provided unconditional positive regard for the client through active listening and allowing the client to find their own solution and achieve congruency
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What are three strengths of humanistic psychology?
It takes a holistic approach, it has real-world application and it promotes a positive image of the human condition
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What are two weaknesses of humanistic psychology?
There is little evidence to support it and it may have a cultural bias
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is classical conditioning?

Back

Learning by association. Occurs when 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together - an UCS and a new NS. The NS eventually produces the same response that was produced by the UCS

Card 3

Front

What is operant conditioning?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is reinforcement?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the 3 types of consequence for behaviour and which increase the likelihood that it will be repeated?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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