Approaches

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Introspection
The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations
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Social Learning Theory
A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement
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Imitation
Copying the behaviour of others
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Identification
When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like them
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Modelling
Imitating the behaviour of a role model
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Vicarious Reinforcement
Reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour
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Mediational Processes
Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response
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Internal Mental Processes
Private operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response
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Schema
A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing, developed from experience
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Inference
The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour
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Cognitive Neuroscience
The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes
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Biological approach
A perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural function
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Genes
They make up chromosomes and consist of DNA which codes the physical and psychological features of an organism
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Biological Structure
An arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ, system or living thing
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Neurochemistry
Relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning
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Genotype
A particular set of genes that a person has
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Phenotype
The characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment
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Evolution
The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations
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Nervous System
Consists of the CNS and the peripheral nervous system
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Central Nervous System
Consists of the brain and spinal cord, and is the origin of all complex demands and decisions
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Peripheral Nervous System
Sends info to the CNS from the outside world and transmits messages from the CNS to the muscles and glands
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Somatic Nervous System
Transmits info from receptor cells in the sense organs to the CNS. Also directs muscles to act
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Autonomic Nervous System
Transmits info to and from internal bodily organs. The system is automatic, so operates involuntarily. It has 2 main divisions, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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Endocrine System
Instructs glands to release hormones directly into the blood stream
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Gland
An organ in the body that synthesises substances such as hormones
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Hormones
Chemical substances that circulate in the blood stream and only affect target organs
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Fight or Flight Response
The way an animal responds when stressed. The body becomes physiologically aroused
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Adrenaline
A hormone produced by the adrenal glands which is part of the human bodies immediate stress response system
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Neuron
The basic building blocks of the nervous system. Neurons are nerve cells that process and transmit messages through electrical and chemical signals
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Sensory Neurons
These carry messages from the PNS to the CNS and have long dendrites and short axons
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Relay Neurons
Connect the sensory neurons to the motor or relay neurons and have short dendrites and short axons
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Motor Neurons
Connect the CNS to the effectors such as muscles and glands. They have short dendrites and long axons
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Synaptic Transmission
The process by which neighbouring neurons communicate with eachother by sending chemical messages across the gaps that separate them
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Neurotransmitter
Brain chemicals released from the synaptic vesicles that relay signals across the synapse from one neuron to another. Neurotransmitters can be broadly devided into those that perform an excitatory function and those that perform a inhibitory function
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Excitation
When a neurotransmitter such as adrenaline increases the positive charge of the post synaptic neuron. This increases the likelihood that the neuron will fire and pass on the electrical impulse.
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Inhibition
When a neurotransmitter such as serotonin increases the negative charge of the post synaptic neuron. This decreases the likelihood that the neuron will fire and pass on the electrical impulse.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement

Back

Social Learning Theory

Card 3

Front

Copying the behaviour of others

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like them

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Imitating the behaviour of a role model

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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