Random changes to the structure or number of chromosones or genes.
1 of 26
What causes Skin cancer?
Random changes to the gene structure caused by UV light.
2 of 26
What is Down Syndrome?
It is caused during an error in meiosis when some chromosones fail to segregate and there will be 47 chromosones in each cell.
3 of 26
What does a karotype show us about a down syndrome person?
They have an extra chromosone 21.
4 of 26
What causes Haemophilia?
A mutation producing a recessive allele in the blood clotting gene in a X chromosone.
5 of 26
What is Haemophilia?
A persons inability to properly clot blood.
6 of 26
Who is more likely to get this disease?
Males
7 of 26
What causes Cystic Fibrosis?
It is an inherited disease caused by a recessive allele.
8 of 26
What does this disease do?
It affects the lungs, pancreas, liver and intestines. Thick mucosal secretions causes difficulty breathing and results in frequent lung infections and medication.
9 of 26
What can increase the chance of a mutation?
Environmental factors
10 of 26
What reduces the incidence of diseases?
Genetic screeening
11 of 26
What is one way of doing this?
An amniocentesis test
12 of 26
What does this test consist of?
Amniotic fluid is withdrawn under ultrasound guidance and the cells can be examined to see if the foetus has a condition
13 of 26
What are some ethical issues with this test?
1. If the test is positive should the mother abort? 2. 1% risk of miscarriage 3. Should everyone be required to carry out this test?
14 of 26
What is a genetic profile?
The different alleles and genes someone has
15 of 26
How does a genetic profile raise more ethical issues?
1. Who should have access to this information? 2. Predict life expectancy or intelligence
16 of 26
What is genetic engineering?
Taking a piece of DNA, usually a gene, from one organism and adding it to the genetic material of another organism (recipient)
17 of 26
Before genetic engineering, what was insulin obtained from?
The pancreases of pigs and cattle.
18 of 26
What is the first stage of making human insulin in a lab?
The plasmid and human DNA are cut with restriction enzymes producing 'sticky ends'.
19 of 26
Describe the second stage.
The insulin gene and plasmid are sealed with DNA ligase, when the two join=recombiant DNA
20 of 26
Remember these two things ->
CUTTING= Restriction enzymes GLUING= DNA ligase
21 of 26
Describe the third stage.
The recombiant DNA is put into the bacterial cell and is left to multiply by mitosis (if asked on exam go into more detail about mitosis!)
22 of 26
What are the bacteria grown in?
Large fermenters (bioreactors)
23 of 26
What conditions allow for fast reproduction of bacteria?
Comments
No comments have yet been made