Application of Genetics
0.0 / 5
- Created by: Ruhab21
- Created on: 09-10-20 01:08
What was the main aims of the Human Genome project?
1) Improve tools for data analysis
2) Determine the sequences of the 3 billion base pairs that make up human DNA and store this info on databases
2) Determine the sequences of the 3 billion base pairs that make up human DNA and store this info on databases
1 of 35
What is the purpose of Sanger sequencing?
Reading the base sequence of a length of DNA less than 1000 base pairs
2 of 35
What is the role of the radioactive primer?
1) Initiates DNA replication due to DNA polymerase since it is complementary to the first 4 bases of the template strand and binds to them.
3 of 35
What ethical issues are there with the 100K genome project? (3 marks)
1) Potential discrimination for insurance or job applications
2) Designer babies from embryonic screening; is it moral?
3) Could cause anxiety when people are made aware of future health problems
2) Designer babies from embryonic screening; is it moral?
3) Could cause anxiety when people are made aware of future health problems
4 of 35
What are the advantages of the chemical control of mosquitoes?
Controls spread of malaria
Fast and efficient
Fast and efficient
5 of 35
What are the disadvantages of the chemical control of mosquitoes?
Plasmodium can randomly mutate to become resistance
Large decline in mosquitoes affect food chains
Large decline in mosquitoes affect food chains
6 of 35
Why are introns used instead of exons in polymerase chain reactions?
Every exon codes for a protein but introns have blocks of repeated nucleotides which are specific to an individual and this produces variation
7 of 35
Outline the process of a polymerase chain reaction
1. DNA molecule is dissolved and heated to 93°C to break the H bonds and cause the two strands to seperate
2. The sample is cooled to 55°C to allow the DNA primers to bind to the strands and form H bonds w complementary bases
3. Heat to 72°C allows therma
2. The sample is cooled to 55°C to allow the DNA primers to bind to the strands and form H bonds w complementary bases
3. Heat to 72°C allows therma
8 of 35
Why is it important that PCR is thermophilic?
Because Taq polymerase is more stable at higher temperatures
9 of 35
What are the limits of PCR?
1) The sample could be contaminated but those would be amplified too
2) Taq polymerase cant proofread and correct so errors accumulate with every cycle
3) Some human genes are too long for PCR which is 1000-3000 bases
2) Taq polymerase cant proofread and correct so errors accumulate with every cycle
3) Some human genes are too long for PCR which is 1000-3000 bases
10 of 35
Why is there a limit on amplification in PCR?
The enzyme denatures after repeated heating
DNA in high conc causes the single stranded molecules to pair with each other instead of the primers
DNA in high conc causes the single stranded molecules to pair with each other instead of the primers
11 of 35
How can you estimate fragment size from an autoradiograph?
By running a DNA ladder alongside the graph which contains known sizes
12 of 35
State some uses of DNA profiling
1)Paternity testing
2)Forensic use to identify suspects
3) Siblings genetic profiling for adopted kids
2)Forensic use to identify suspects
3) Siblings genetic profiling for adopted kids
13 of 35
What are the pros of DNA profiling? (2 marks)
1) Non invasive method to obtain biological sample
2) Can be used on samples too small for blood testing
2) Can be used on samples too small for blood testing
14 of 35
What are the cons of DNA profiling?
DNA profiles can be misused or hacked
Offer only probabilities
Offer only probabilities
15 of 35
What could happen if health insurance companies gained genetic profiling information?
They would have higher insurance premiums for people who are more likely to have diseases in the future
16 of 35
How would you know a suspects DNA is the same as the crime scene from DNA fingerprinting?
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
Same width of DNA bonds
Same position of DNA bonds
Same position of DNA bonds
17 of 35
Define donor DNA
A gene that is isolated from a donor organism for insertion into a vector
18 of 35
Define vector
Carries DNA into a cell (maybe a bacterial plasmid or a viral nucleic acid)
19 of 35
Define recombinant DNA
DNA resulting from the combination of a DNA fragment from a donor into a vector
20 of 35
Briefly outline the stages in producing a new protein using a gene transfer
1) Identify and isolate DNA fragments from donor
2) Insert DNA fragments into a vector
3) The transfer of the recombinant DNA into a suitable host cell
4) Identify the host cells and clone them
2) Insert DNA fragments into a vector
3) The transfer of the recombinant DNA into a suitable host cell
4) Identify the host cells and clone them
21 of 35
How is the desired gene located on the donor DNA in genetic engineering?
Using a gene probe which is a single stranded DNA complementary to the desired gene
22 of 35
How is the desired gene isolated from the donor DNA in genetic engineering?
Reverse transcriptase finds the mRNA molecule made from the gene and is used to produce a single strand of DNA from the mRNA.
23 of 35
What is the source of the reverse transcriptase enzyme?
A retrovirus
24 of 35
What are the benefits of using reverse transcriptase to produce cDNA (3 marks)
1)No introns present in cDNA
2)No need for post-translational processing
3) Avoids restriction enzymes cutting the desired gene into non functional fragments
2)No need for post-translational processing
3) Avoids restriction enzymes cutting the desired gene into non functional fragments
25 of 35
How is donor DNA inserted into a vector in genetic engineering?
The donor DNA is cut using restriction enzymes at specific bases
There are some unpaired bases exposed called sticky ends
The same restriction enzymes are then used to cut the plasmid DNA at the same base sequence so it can be replaced
DNA ligase enzymes
There are some unpaired bases exposed called sticky ends
The same restriction enzymes are then used to cut the plasmid DNA at the same base sequence so it can be replaced
DNA ligase enzymes
26 of 35
Why is the same restriction enzyme used on the isolated donor DNA and the plasmid DNA in genetic engineering?
To expose complementary sticky ends on the donor DNA and the plasmid DNA so they can complementary base pair by hydrogen bonds.
27 of 35
How is the recombinant DNA transferred into a host cell?
They are mixed with bacterial cells and calcium chloride in the hopes that the bacteria will take up the plasmid
28 of 35
How do scientists test which cells have taken up the plasmid in genetic engineering?
A marker gene is added to the plasmid which confers antibiotic resistance and then they are then grown on a medium containing antibiotics so only the cells containing plasmids survive
29 of 35
What are the pros of genetic engineering in bacteria?
Prevent and treat diseases by producing vaccines
Enhancing crop growth by secreting pesticides
Environmental use to detect and remove environmental hazards
Manufacture medical products e.g. insulin
Enhancing crop growth by secreting pesticides
Environmental use to detect and remove environmental hazards
Manufacture medical products e.g. insulin
30 of 35
What are the cons of genetic engineering in bacteria?
Fragments of human DNA may contain oncogenes
A new microorganism with a new gene could be a threat when released into the environment
A new microorganism with a new gene could be a threat when released into the environment
31 of 35
Define gene therapy
Replacing defective alleles with a cloned one from a healthy individual, providing a treatment or a cure
32 of 35
What are the two types of gene therapy?
Somatic cell therapy: targets the body cells of affected tissues
Germ line therapy: Pre implantation genetic modifications
Germ line therapy: Pre implantation genetic modifications
33 of 35
What are the problems with somatic cell therapy
It cant be passed onto the children so they need the same therapy
34 of 35
What are the problems with germ line therapy?
Influencing genes in the gametes can cause unpredictable effects in future generations
35 of 35
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the purpose of Sanger sequencing?
Back
Reading the base sequence of a length of DNA less than 1000 base pairs
Card 3
Front
What is the role of the radioactive primer?
Back
Card 4
Front
What ethical issues are there with the 100K genome project? (3 marks)
Back
Card 5
Front
What are the advantages of the chemical control of mosquitoes?
Back
Related discussions on The Student Room
- Urgent!!! Sos!!! Help!!!! Calling all as bio students »
- Research Project Question »
- University of East Anglia MSc Application Process and Interviews »
- Advanced Higher Biology Project Ideas »
- Should I mention my chronic illness in my personal statement? »
- Epq help! »
- Biomedical Science BMs Oxford »
- A-level chemistry »
- STP genomic counselling 2022/2023 »
- Resisting btec units »
Similar Biology resources:
1.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
3.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
Comments
No comments have yet been made