6. What is an allele?

7. What was the first antibiotic invented?

There are risks using antibiotics, such as, side effects and even severe allergic reactions in some people. Perhaps biggest risk is antibiotic resistance.
There are no limitations to antibiotics. They are really helpful in saving millions of lives and treating bacterial infections. They are an absolute life saver!!!!
Some people can become even more ill as they can encourage other dangerous bacteria to grow.
Antibiotics are not fully understood. We do not know the long term impacts of taking them and therefore many people do not trust them. In fact in some countries they are banned.

Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Chemicals that are released by antigens to help defeat the microbes entering the body.
A condition that involves there being no germs in an environment and it is really important in hospitals.
Chemicals that kill or inhibit all pathogens.

'Superbugs' that are resistant to most known antibiotics are becoming more common.
We are less able to treat some potentially life-threatening bacterial infections.
It has allowed for more bacteria and viruses that are potentially life-threatening to grow and spread throughout hospitals, making hospitals a hazardous place to catch a virus.
You cannot easily get rid of bacteria with antibiotics.

They can be used over and over again when anyone becomes infected by disease.
They can target pathogens in the body stopping the host from dying.
They can usually target bacterial cells without damaging the human body cells.
They can provide immunological memory by remaining in the circulatory system, ready to initiate the immune response

serious nose infections which kill hundreds of people each year. There is currently only 3 antibiotics known to treat the disease, one being meticillin.
serious wound infections and is resistant to several antibiotics, including meticillin.
serious nose bleeds and stomach pains. It is resistant to every antibiotic which is why the only treatment is isolation and hoping for a recovery.
serious lung infections and extra mucus to be produced. The only current treatment is a lung transplant if the antibiotic treatment fails to work.

the nervous system, causing difficulties with movement and a constant shaking. It is thought that the bacteria causes the neurons to shut down. Antibiotics only kill the harmless bacteria leaving the dangerous bacteria to reproduce by binary fission
the respiratory system, causing difficulties with breathing . It is thought that the harmless bacteria in the respiratory system are killed by the antibiotic treatment causing the immune system to produce extra mucus.
the digestive system, usually causing problems in people who have already been treated with antibiotics. It is thought that the harmless bacteria that are normally present in the digestive system are killed by the antibiotics.
the circulatory system, causing an increased or decreased heart rate. People are more at risk to this if they have never received antibiotic treatment before because they body does not know how to cope with the bacteria.

Not using any antibiotics and instead using attenuated vaccination that can fight all bacterial infections.
Developing new ways of treating diseases and avoiding using antibiotics all together. This way there is no selection pressure and therefore no natural selection can occur.
Developing new antibiotics and modifying existing ones.
Develop technology that can change and enhance our DNA so we are not affected by the bacterial infections that are resistant.