Animal behaviours- behaviour, ethology, ethograms

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Define 'normal behaviours' and give two examples
Behaviour that can be considered normal for an individual but not normal for the species. Examples: grazing and foraging
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Define Atypical behaviours
Behaviour that is considered to be uncommon or even absent in free ranging animals
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Define stereotypical behaviours and give two examples
Behaviour that is repetitive, unvarying and functionless. Examples include swaying and pacing
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Give three reasons for atypical behaviour
1). The animal lacks control over its environment 2). Environment lacks enrichment 3).Animals may be fearful
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Define learnt helplessness
A mental state in which an animal is forced to endure aversive stimuli and becomes unwilling to avoid encounters with the stimuli, even if they are escapable
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Define redirected behaviour and give two examples
When an animal is motivated to perform a particular behaviour but is unable to and redirects its motivation into carrying out a different behaviour. Examples include: bar biting and wind sucking.
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Define Displacement behaviours and give two examples
When an animal is motivated to perform two behaviours at the same time but is in a state of 'conflict' as in which behaviour to perform, so instead it performs an irrelevant behaviour. E.g Feather plucking and Paw chewing
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What is Ethology?
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour under natural conditions and with relation to evolutionary adaptive traits
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What is an instinctive behaviour?
It is the inborn pattern of behaviour that is triggered by a sign stimulus (environment)
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Who are the 3 main Ethologists?
1). Darwin 2). Lorenz 3). Tinbergen
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What did Darwin believe?
Darwin believed that behaviour is the subject of natural selection and that instinctive behaviours may derive from habits acquired by previous generations.
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What did Lorenz study?
Lorenz studied instinctive behaviours in Greylag Geese such as imprinting
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Define imprinting
Imprinting is the process in which some birds bond instinictively with the first moving object they see within the first few hours of hatching
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What did Tinbergen create?
Tinbergen created 4 questions that he believed should be asked to any behaviour an animal displays
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What were the first 3 questions Tinbergen created?
1). What are the mechanical relationships between the stimuli and the behavioural response? 2). How does the expression of behaviour change over its lifespan? 3). How effective is the behaviour in aiding survival?
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What was the 4th question Tinbergen created?
How does the animals behaviour compare to related species?
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Give 5 reasons why we study animal behaviour
1).To understand their needs 2).To predict natural disasters 3). To predict an animals behaviour 4).Research purposes and 5). To prevent animals becoming endangered/extinct
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Give 4 methods of recording an animals behaviour
1). Instantaneous sampling 2).1-0 sampling 3).Continuous sampling 4).Ethograms
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What is an Ethogram?
An ethogram is a catalogue or table of behaviours or activities observed in an animal
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What are the 5 theories of evolution?
1). Darwins- natural selection; 2). Creationism; 3). Mutation & Adaptation; 4). Survival of the fittest; 5).Lemarkism
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Give two behaviours of a land animal
1).Foraging 2).Grooming
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Give two behaviours of a sea animal
1).Migration 2).Schooling
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Give two behaviours of a flying animal
1). Flocking 2). Nesting
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Define ungulates
Ungulate= A hoofed mammal
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Define Hereditary behaviours
The biological and psychological characteristics which are transmitted by the parents to their offspring. They are innate and present at birth.
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Give two examples of hereditary behaviours of land mammals
1). Hunting 2).walking
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Define domestication
Domestication= the process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm.
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How many characteristics did Mason (1984) believe there were to domestication?
4
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What were Mason's 1984 domestication criteria?
Four characteristics: Breeding is under control; Provides a product/service useful to men; Tame; Has been selected away from the wild type.
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Name the other domestication criteria theory
The Diamond criteria (2002)
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What is Diamonds domestication criteria?
Flexible diet; reasonably fast growth; ability to breed in captivity; pleasant disposition; temperamental; modifiable social hierarchy
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Define habituation
The learned suppression of a response to a stimulus through a period of exposure.
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Define conditioning
Conditioning= Animals behaviour changes as the result of one event being paired with another
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What are the two types of conditioning?
1). Operant 2). Classical
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What is classical conditioning?
It is were an animal associates an exciting reflex response to a new stimulus
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What is operant conditioning?
It is either positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement
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Define social learning
Passing on of information from one generation to another/ one individual to another.
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Give an example of social learning
When monkeys use alarm calls (vocalisation) to let other monkeys know they are in danger
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define Atypical behaviours

Back

Behaviour that is considered to be uncommon or even absent in free ranging animals

Card 3

Front

Define stereotypical behaviours and give two examples

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Give three reasons for atypical behaviour

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Define learnt helplessness

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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