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nucleus,nuclear envelope and nucleolus - structure
surrounded by a double membrane, there are pores in the nuclear envelope, nucleolus does not have a membrane around it, chromatin (DNA wound around histone proteins) condneses to make chromosomes
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nucleus,nuclear envelope and nucleolus - function
NE separates the contents of the nucleus from rest of cell, in some regions nuclear mem. fuse and ribosmes and other sub can pass through, pores enable larger substances to pass through e.g RNA, steroid hormones enter nucleus,where ribosomes made
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rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - structure
this is a sustem of membranes, containing fluid-filled cavities(cisternae) with a nuclear membrane, coated in ribosomes
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rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - function
it is the intracellular transport system the cisternae form channels for transporting substances, large SA for ribose which assemble animos into proteins pass through membrane into cisternae
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - structure
this is a sustem of membranes, containing fluid-filled cavities(cisternae) with a nuclear membrane, there are no ribosomes on the surface
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - function
contains enzymes that catalyse reactions involved with lipid metabolism- synthesis of cholesterol, synthesis of lipids/phospholipids, synthesis of steroid hormones, involved in absorption and transport of lipids (from gut)
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golgi apparatus/body - structure
consist of stacks of membranes-bound flattened sacs, secretory vesicles bring materials to and from the golgi apparatus
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golgi apparatus/body - function
proteins modified - adding sugar (glycoproteins), adding lipids (lipoproteins), being folded into their 3D shape , packaged into vesicles - stored in the cell, moved into plasma membrane
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mitochondria - structure
may be spherical,rod-shaped or branched 2-5 um, surrounded by two membranes with fluid filled space inner membrane is highly folded cristae
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mitochondria -function
site of ATP production during aerobic respiration, self replicating if energy needs to increase, they are abundant in cells where much metabolic activity takes place
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chloroplast - structure
large 4-10um, found in plant cells only and some protoctists, double membrane bound, inner mem sacs called thykaloids contain chlorophyll, each stack of thyk is called a granum, fluid-filled matrix called the stroms, contains loop of DNA and starch g
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chloroplast - function
site of photosynthesis, 1st - light trapped by chlorophyll to make ATP, occurs in grana water split into H+ ions, 2nd - H+ reduces CO2, using ATP, to make carbohydrates, occurs in stroma chloroplasts are abundant in leaf cells
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vacuole - structure
the vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast and contains fluid
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vacuole - function
only plant cells have a large permanent vacuole, filled with water and solutes maintains cell stability when full pushed against cell wall (turgid) - helps to support the plant
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lysosomes - structure
small bags formed in the golgi apparatus, single membrane, contains powerful hydroltic enzymes, abundant in phagocytic cells such as neutraphils and macrophages that can ingest and digest invading pathogens
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lysosomes - functions
powerful hydrolytic enzymes are kept separate from rest of the cell, engulf old cell organelles and foreign matter, digest them and return them for reuse
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cilia and undulipodia - structure
these are protrusions from the cell and are surrounded by the cell surface membrane, each contain microtubules, formed from centrioles
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cilia and undulipodia - function
epithelial cells lining your airways have many hundreds of cilia that move and beat band of mucus, all cells have at least one cillium that acts as an atenna - contains receptors and allows cell to detects signals about immediate environment
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ribosomes - structure
small spherical organelles, about 20nm in diameter, made of ribosomal RNA, made in the nucleolus as two separate sub units then combine when they pass through the cytoplasm some free some attach to RER
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ribosomes - function
ribosomes bound to the exterior of RER are mainly for synthesing proteins that will be exported outside of the cell
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centrioles - structure
consist of two bundles of microtubules at right angles to each other, microtubules are made of tubulin protein sub units arranged in the form of a cylinder
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centrioles - function
used in cell division - the spindle is made of threads of tubulin, chromosomes attach to the middle part of the spindle motor proteins walk along the tubulin threads pulling the chromos to oppo. ends
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centrioles - function (2)
involved in the formation of cilia and undulipodia - before cilia form they muliply and line up beneath the cell surface membrane, microtubules sprout outwards from each centriole, forming a cilium or undulipodium
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cytoskeleton - structure
network of protein in the cytoplasm, rod-like microfilaments, 7nm in diameter made of subunits of protein action, intermediate filaments about 10 nm, straight cylindrical microtubules, made of proteins subunits called tubulin; about 18-30nm,
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cytoskeleton - structure
mysoins, kinesins and dyneins are cytoskeleton motor proteins , are molecular motors, enzymes and have a site that binds to and allows hydrolosis of ATP as their energy source
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cytoskeleton - function
form the track which motor proteins drag organelles from one side of the cell to the other, they form spindle before cell divides, anchor the nucleus within the cytoplasm, extend between cells in some tissues - micro tubules react with ATP
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cellulose -structure
the cell wall of plants is on the outside of the plasma membrane. it is made from bundles of cellulose cell fibres
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cellulose - function
provides strength, maintains cell shape, contributes to the strength and support of the whole plant, are permeable and allows solutions to pass through
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what is the function of the micro-filaments
maintaining the shape and the mechanical strength
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what do intermediate filaments do
allow cells to stick together to communicate with each other
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what are the only human cells to have undulipodia
sperm cells
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Card 2

Front

nucleus,nuclear envelope and nucleolus - function

Back

NE separates the contents of the nucleus from rest of cell, in some regions nuclear mem. fuse and ribosmes and other sub can pass through, pores enable larger substances to pass through e.g RNA, steroid hormones enter nucleus,where ribosomes made

Card 3

Front

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - structure

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - function

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - structure

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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