Anatomy and Physiology - Canine Skeleton

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  • Created by: abown
  • Created on: 18-10-19 17:07
The skeleton is broken down into three distinct parts - name them.
Axial, Appendicular and Visceral
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What makes up the axial skeleton?
Skull, Vertebral column, ribs and sternum
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What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Pelvis and the bones of the limbs.
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What makes up the visceral skeleton?
Skeleton in soft tissues - in canines, this is the os penis.
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Name 5 functions of the skeleton.
Locomotion, protection, support, source of red and white blood cells. source of calcium
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What are the 5 types of bone shape?
Long bones, short bones, irregular bones, flat bones and sesamoid bones
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What is the function of long bones?
Movement
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What is the function of short bones?
Found in areas of lots of movement, provides strength
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What is the function of flat bones?
Protection of organs
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What is the function of sesamoid bones?
Act as a pulley on tendons and ligaments
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What are the two types of bone structure?
Cortical and Cancellous (spongy)
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What is the periosteum and what is its function?
A layer of cells covering entire long bone, the outer layer provides support and the inner layer is involved in growth and repair.
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What are osetoprogenitor cells?
Derive from stem cells, found in periosteum and endosteum, differentiate into bones cells.
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What are osteoblasts?
Develop from osteoprogenitor cells, they 'build bones', formation of organic matrix, produce collagen and proteoglycans
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What are osteocytes?
General bone cells, carry out general tasks to keep bone alive
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What are osteoclasts?
Destroy bone, reabsorb bone and dissolve minerals, remove organic matrix
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What is the function of the bone matrix?
Acts as a supporting structure.
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What percentage of the bone matrix is organic? What is this made of?
35% - living, predominantly collagen, 5% proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan
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What percentage of the bone matrix is inorganic? What is this made of?
65% - non-living, mainly calcium phosphate
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What is compact bone made of?
Osteons
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What is Wolff's Law?
Bone is laid down where needed and reabsorbed where not.
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How is the foetal skeleton developed?
Cartilage, formation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, minerals and salts. ossification
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How are bones developed from the foetal skeleton?
Fibrous membranes replaced by bone tissue, spongy membrane develops, red bone marrow forms within the spongy bone, formation of compact bone.
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What is the function of joints?
Motion and Load transfer
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How are joints functionally classified?
Synathroidal, Diarthroidal and Amphiarthrodial
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What movement does a synarthroidal joint have ?
Has minimal movement e.g skull
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What movement does a diarthroidal joint have ?
Has movement e.g appositional skeleton
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What movement does an amphiarthroidal joint have ?
Slight mobility e.g vertebrae
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How are joints structurally classified?
Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints.
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What is a fibrous joint?
Joined by connective tissue e.g teeth, skull
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What is a cartilaginous joint?
Joined by cartilage, less movement than a synovial joint e.g vertebrae
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What is a synovial joint?
Not directly joined - ALL DIARTHORIDAL JOINTS
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What are the 5 types of synovial joint?
Fixed, Ball and Socket, Gliding, Pivot and Hinge joints
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Description and example of a fixed joint
Fused bones, no movement e.g skull
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Description and example of a ball and socket joint
Circular movement e.g shoulder
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Description and example of a gliding joint
Sliding movement e.g ankle
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Description and example of a pivot joint
Side-to-side, back-forth movement e.g neck
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Description and example of a hinge joint
back-forth e.g elbow
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What is the function of synovial fluid? What is it driven by?
Provides nutrients to articular cartilage, reduces friction between bones in synovial joints, absorbs energy generated by movement (shock absorber). Motion-driven lymph flow.
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What is articular cartilage predominantly made up of?
Water
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How do joints develop?
Stem cells of bone are continuous, joint cavity appears due to programmed cell death, fibrous capsule remains continuous, original cartilage remains as articular cartilage
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What is the function of chondracytes in joints?
Maintain and turnover the extracellular matrix
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What is subchondral bone made up of? Where is it located?
Mixture of trabecular and cortical bone, underneath articular cartilage in the bone.
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What is the function of the subchonrdal bone?
Structural support, deforms to compressive loads (absorbs energy)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What makes up the axial skeleton?

Back

Skull, Vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Card 3

Front

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What makes up the visceral skeleton?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Name 5 functions of the skeleton.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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