Anatomy and histology of the dog

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What are the functions of the skeleton?
support, protection (of vital organs), movement, production (blood cells), mineral store (calcium, phosphates etc).
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What are the main divisions of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton.
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What is included in the Axial skeleton?
this is the main axis/torso, it includes: skull, vertebral column, Ribs and sternum.
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What is included in the Appendicular skeleton?
this includes the limbs and limb girdles, such as: the bones of shoulder, bones of forelimb, bones of the hips/pelvic girdle and the bones of the hindlimb.
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What is the definition of a joint?
A joint is a point where two bones meet.
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What are the 3 main types of joint?
Fibrous, Cartilagenous, Synovial.
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What ia a fibrous joint?
Where the bones are joined by fibro-cartilage.
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What is an example of where this is found?
Between the bones of the cranium.
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what can the fibrous joint do?
its fixed.
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What is a Cartilagenous joint?
Bones seperated by fibro-cartalige pads.
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What is an example of where this is found?
Between the vertebrae in the spine.
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what can the cartilagenous joint do?
its slightly moveable.
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What are the components of a synovial joint?
bone ends are covered in hyaline cartilige, incased in a synovial membrane (joint cavity) containing synovial fluid, which is the contained in a synovial capsule. the bones are held in place by ligaments.
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what is the purpose of the synovial fluid?
to lubricate the joint.
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what can the synovial joint do?
its fully moveable.
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what are the 6 different types of synovial joints?
ball and socket, hinge, condyloid, gliding,pivot, saddle.
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Where can the ball and socket joint be found?
hip and shoulder.
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where can a hinge joint be found?
knee and elbow, between the phalanges
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where can a condyloid joint be found?
the wrist
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"" gliding joint?
joints between the vertebrae
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""pivot joint?
joint between the atlas and axis
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""saddle joint?
in the paws/hands- between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb.
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what are the different types of bone?
Compact bone, cancellous (spongy) bone.
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describe the compact bone.
forms the shaft of long bones , provides structural strengh and protects the cancellous bone.
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where is cancellous bone found?
found inside of the ends of long bone and inside flat bones.
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describe cancellous bone
it contains spaces formed by a network of bone extentions called TRABECULAE, the spaces are filled with red bone marrow.
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what are some of the features of compact bone tissue?
osteon, central canal, lamellae, canaliculi, osteocyte, lacuna.
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whats found in the central canal?
Arteriole, Venule, nerve
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what is an osteocyte?
is a bone cell, they secrete caclium and phosphate salts which help to regulate and make bone tissue.
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what is the lacuna(e)?
fluid filled space in which an osteocyte is located
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what are lamellae?
rings of bone matrix secreted by osteocytes/osteoblasts.
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what is a canaliculi?
these are little cannals, linking the lacunae with the central canal and other osteocytes/blasts.
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what is the central canal (haversian canal)?
longitudinal canals found throughout the compact bone tissue carrying blood vessels and nerves.
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what is an osteon?
Concentric rings of osteocytes, lamellae and canaliculi grouped around a single central canal.
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what is a cartilage cell called?
a chondrocyte or chondroblast
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what does cartilage contain?
collegen fibres embedded in a rubbery matrix of chondroitin sulphate.
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name a type of cartalige?
hyaline cartalige
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where is this found?
on the end of long bones
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what does it do?
it helps to reduce friction between bones at joints, resists compression, supports and protects
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where is hyaline cartilage found?
ends of long bone, trachea, ribs, nose
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what are the 3 different types of muscle?
skeletal (striated), smooth, cardiac.
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where is skeletal muscle found?
it is attached to the skeleton by tendons.
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describle skeletal muscle.
voluntary and involutary muscle, composed of long muscle cells with irregularly spaced nucli and striations(stripey).
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what are the striations formed by?
myofibrils composed of myosin (thick) and actin (thin) proteins
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what is smooth muscle composed of?
spindle-shaped cells with a central nucleus
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where is smooth muscle found?
walls of the intestines, arteries and veins
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what kind of nervous control does it have?
involuntary
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where is cardiac muscle found?
only in the heart
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what kind of nervous control does it have?
involuntary
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what does it look like?
cells are linked by cross bridges and intercalated discs.
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what is the cell membrane of a muscle fibre called?
sarcolemma
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the main divisions of the skeleton?

Back

Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton.

Card 3

Front

What is included in the Axial skeleton?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is included in the Appendicular skeleton?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the definition of a joint?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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