American Civil Rights

?
Who was James Meredith & what was 'Ole Miss'?
1962:James Meredith tried to enroll to Uni of Mississippi- Gov. Ross Barnett wouldn't allow it; took case to supreme court which ruled in his favour- Kennedy intervened & sent troops to protect him> violent clashes on campus:2 people died
1 of 90
What and when were the Freedom Rides?
1961: Black & white activists traveled by bus from DC to New Orleans- faced violence & firebombing. All signs were taken down by Sept '61
2 of 90
What was the Albany movement?
1961-2: Vague aim to desegregate public areas; direct action & freedom rides
3 of 90
Why did the Albany movement not succeed? (3)
Police Chief Prikett refused to react violently, lack of media coverage & lack of cooperation between King & locals
4 of 90
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1960?
introduction of federal inspection of local voter registration polls & penalties for obstructing someone's attempt to register to vote> Commission of Civil Rights increased in power> done to monitor black voter registration- only increased 3% by 1960
5 of 90
Name the main sit-ins during 1960 (5)
Greensboro, Woolworths counters, Wade-ins, Kneel-ins & Watch-ins
6 of 90
What does SNCC stand for & when/why was it established?
1960, Student non-violent Campaign Commitee- to coordinate sit ins etc, membership or black & white students
7 of 90
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1957?
Became a federal offence to obstruct voting- 6 months in jail or $1000 (but white jury unlikely to convict)- Set up 'Commission on Civil Rights' to monitor black voter registration
8 of 90
When and what was 'Little Rock'?
1957:9 high school students sought to test Brown by enrolling in Little Rock HS- Gov Faubus used Nat Guard to stop them, Eisenhower intervened> ultimately successful after massive white backlash & military protection
9 of 90
What does SCLC stand for and when was it established?
1956: Southern Church Leadership Conference- group of church leaders inc. MLK; not membership organisation
10 of 90
What and when was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
1955: Political & social protest against racial segregation on public transit systems in Montgomery Alabama> Lasted over a year, (Rosa Parks), founding of SCLC by MLK- bus companies lost 65% revenue: caused de facto & de jure change- Browder vs Gayle
11 of 90
When and what was the Southern Manifesto?
1954: Part of white backlash against Brown vs Board: group of senators (organised by Byrd) signed declaring Brown vs Board was unconstitutional
12 of 90
When and what was the Brown vs Board of Education (Topeka)?
Supreme court ruled segregation of schools illegal> end of 'separate but equal'; de jure change & slow de facto change, hence Brown II 1955-"all deliberate speed"
13 of 90
What did Truman propose in 1948?
Civil Rights Bill> bill was opposed by republicans & southern democrats- didn't pass congress
14 of 90
What and when was 'Morgan vs Virginia'?
major US supreme court case-outlawed segregation of interstate transport> de jure change
15 of 90
What is the difference between de jure and de facto segregation?
De jure: , De facto:
16 of 90
When and what was the 'Journey of Recognition'?
1947: non-violent direct action campaign organised by CORE; highlighted lack of de facto change following Morgan vs Virginia
17 of 90
Name a direct action of the NAACP
Store boycotts (New Orleans)- 1947- Stores didn't allow black people to try on hats
18 of 90
What does CORE stand for and when was it established?
(1941) Congress of Racial Equality- James Farmer & others
19 of 90
What happened in Birmingham, 1963?
Targeted campaign aimed at desegregating shops & public facilities- Bill O'connor was expected & did react w/ violence> MLK write from Birmingham jail justifying direct action. SCLC James Bevel suggested using young people
20 of 90
What were the consequences of Birmingham 1963? (4)
1300 young people arrested, dogs & firehoses, JFK sickened by violence & supported Civil Rights Bill, Stores desegregated: southern backlash-bombed 16th Baptist church- USSR media coverage
21 of 90
What was the 14th Amendment & when was it initiated?
1868- All citizens were equal regardless of race
22 of 90
What was the 15th Amendment & when was it initiated?
1870- All citizens should vote
23 of 90
What were the Jim Crow laws & when were they established? (8)
1890's- De jure segregation: schools, hotels, transport, swimming pools, restaurants, theaters, Marriage & sexual relationships
24 of 90
What dies NAACP stand for and when was it established?
Ntional Association for the Advancement of Coloured People: campaign group set up by Du Bios & others
25 of 90
When was the Plessy vs Ferguson & what did it decided?
1896:upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality (but weren't)> 'separate but equal'
26 of 90
What was the 'Classic Phase' of the CRM?
hdhdhd
27 of 90
When and what was the March on Washington?
1963: for jobs & freedom- 'I have a dream'- peaceful mass support 250,000 march w/ King as orator/media figure head: massive media coverage
28 of 90
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination > end of de jure segregation. JFK & then LBL after Kennedy's death
29 of 90
When and what was Freedom Summer, Mississippi?
1964: Voter registration campaign organised by SNCC, SCLC & CORE
30 of 90
When and what was the Selma Campaign?
1965: Campaign led by MLK for voting rights in Alabama. March from Montgomery to Alabama> Police responded with violence
31 of 90
When and what was the Voting Rights act?
1965: Empowered federal government to oversee voter registration across America. Ended ability of local governments to deny black citizens the rights to vote (through tests etc).
32 of 90
What was the '1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act & Higher Education Act'?
funding given to education to help poorer states in South increase numbers of black students at University
33 of 90
Who were the main opposition of the 'Brown vs Board of Education' 1954? (3)
White Citizens' Council, KKK- Emmett Till, Southern Manifesto
34 of 90
What is the difference between de jure & de facto change?
De jure: segregation by law, De facto: segregation not by law
35 of 90
What de jure change came from the Brown vs Board of Education case, 1954
Judge Earl Warren ruled that segregation in schools was illegal> end to 'separate but equal' (Eisenhower- no comment)
36 of 90
What de facto change came from the Brown vs Board of Education case, 1954
Manifesto encouraged Americans to resist desegregation
37 of 90
What de jure change came from Brown II, 1955?
Segregation should happen with deliberate speed- VAGUE
38 of 90
What de facto change came from Brown II, 1955?
By 1957: only 3% of southern black children in desegregated schools (1968: 58%)
39 of 90
Role of MLK in the Montgomery bus boycott 1955-6 (3)
setting up MIA- role of church/ popular support. Organised boycott
40 of 90
Role of MLK in the formation SCLC 1957
Founder of SCLC
41 of 90
Role of MLK in the Little Rock Campaign 1957
Provided inspiration
42 of 90
Role of MLK in the Greensboro Sit-ins 1960
provided inspiration- not initially involved but soon participated & helped coordinate action in Atlanta
43 of 90
Role of MLK in the Freedom Rides 1961
did not join but gave a speech at a rally supporting the Freedom Riders
44 of 90
Role of MLK in the Albany Movement 1961-2
Arrested & released to prevent publicity. King felt Albany's aims were too vague & lacked focus- learnt from this
45 of 90
Role of MLK in the Birmingham Campaign 1963
Led protest for FIRST TIME (his main focus)- was arrested & wrote a letter in prison defending civil disobedience- showed he could lead up front & force desegregation even through artificially engineered violence
46 of 90
Role of MLK in the March of Washington 1963
Organised march under slogan 'For Jobs & Freedom'. Peaceful. 'I had a dream': charismatic, good orator, ideal leader for television age & speech was brilliant
47 of 90
Role of MLK in the Civil Rights Act 1964
It was King's actions which promoted Kennedy & Johnson to act
48 of 90
Why is MLK criticized for his role in the Selma campaign?
. cooperated too closely w/ fedderal gov. and was potentially attempting to dominate the campaign
49 of 90
What was the main opposition of the Montgomery Bus boycotts?
Montgomery authorities- arrested King & 156 others
50 of 90
What de jure change came from the Montgomery Bus Boycotts, 1955-6?
Browder V Gayle (1956) led to decision to desegregate buses (Browder had been arrested for refusing to give up seat)
51 of 90
What de facto change came from the Montgomery Bus Boycotts?
change in Montgomery)- black bus drivers- but change across South was slow
52 of 90
What was the main opposition concerning the formation of the SCLC?
White Southern States
53 of 90
What was the main opposition of the Little Rock Campaign
Orval faubus- Loc. Gov.- even closed school after Eisenhower's intervention
54 of 90
What was the main opposition of the civil rights act 1957
opposition in congress- especially democrats- weakened bill
55 of 90
What de facto change came from the Little Rock campaign
little de facto change- 1960 only 6.4% southern black children in integrated schools
56 of 90
What de jure change came from the Little Rock Campaign
Eisenhower ordered Faubus to allow students in. Faubus closed schools> Cooper V Aaron (1958)> illegal to prevent segregation for any reason
57 of 90
What de jure change came from the civil rights act 1957
Anyone obstructing blacks from voting to be tried> small fines/short sentences in prison (6 months)
58 of 90
What de facto change came from the civil rights act 1957
only 3% increase in black voters by 1960
59 of 90
What was the main opposition of the Greensboro Sit-ins 1960
NAACP refused to 'represent a bunch of crazy coloured students' (Marshall)
60 of 90
What de jure change came from the Greensboro Sit-ins 1960
1960 civil rights act
61 of 90
What de facto change came from the Greensboro Sit-ins 1960
Business loss made Woolworth's desegregate all lunch counters by the end of 1961. End of 1963 161 cities desegregated restaurants& canteens. Many authorities took measures to avoid desegregation: Albany: closed public parks & took away library chairs
62 of 90
Main opposition of the civil rights act 1960
Group of 18 Southern created a continuous filibuster- longest in history lasted 43 hours
63 of 90
What de jure change came from the civil rights act 1960
it became a federal crime to segregate schools & voting registration was monitored more effectively by Federal insepection
64 of 90
What de facto change came from the civil rights act 1960
Only 800 000 of South's 2 million black citizens were registered to vote by 1964
65 of 90
Main opposition of Freedom Rides 1961 (3)
Anniston- local police didn't stop KKK fire-bombing, Freedom Riders' Bus Birmingham- Chief Eugene, 'Bull' Connor sent police home> green light for racists
66 of 90
What de jure change came from the Freedom Rides
Attorney General Robert Kennedy enforced interstate bus services to desegregate
67 of 90
What de facto change came from the Freedom Rides
By 1961 all signs enforcing segregation were removed from interstate buses & bus terminals
68 of 90
Main opposition of Albany Movement
Pritchett prevented media attention
69 of 90
What was the main failure of the Albany Movement
King realised his tactics had not worked & decided to focus on specific issues in the future
70 of 90
What de jure change came from the Albany Movement
King led march & came to promising agreement with the city authorities- but they went back on aggreement
71 of 90
What de facto change came from the Albany Movement
Pritchett made general promises that conditions would improve but this led to little concrete action
72 of 90
Main opposition of the Birmingham Campaign (2)
Bull Connor- used legal methods to remove demonstrators. Police: used fire hoses & dogs-arrested 1300 black children
73 of 90
What de jure change came from the Birmingham Campaign
Kennedy called a bill in his civil rights speech (June 11, 1963) "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public- hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores'. Also a 'greater protection for the right to vote'
74 of 90
What de facto change came from the Birmingham Campaign
Schools & public places remained segregated. Public opposition to desegregation in Birmingham> 4 months later KKK bombed 16th street Baptist Church (Birmingham's largest African-American church). Early 60s Black unemployment x2 the national average
75 of 90
Main opposition of the march on Washington
Police:presence turned out to be unnecessary: noted for its civility & peacefulness
76 of 90
What de jure change came from the March on Washington (2)
solidified support for new civil rights legislation & gave gov. power to force southern states to desegregate. Led to civil rights act of 1964 which explicitly outlawed the segregation of any facility or public place
77 of 90
How many were in favour of the Civil Rights Act 1964 bill?
64%
78 of 90
What de jure change came from the civil rights act of 1964 (4)
Outlawed segregation of any facility or public place/school. Gave commission on civil rights power to enforce desegregation. Mage Fair Employment permanent. Act spelled the end of legal segregation in the South
79 of 90
What de facto change came from the civil rights act of 1964 (3)
1968:58% black children still in segregated schools. 214 cities desegregated by the end of 1965. Insufficient de facto change (particularly in north)
80 of 90
What did the 1965 Moynihan Report highlight?
the income of black workers was only 53% of national average income. NO VOTING OPPORTUNITIES GIVEN
81 of 90
Main opposition of Mississippi Freedom Summer
Local KKK & police: resistance to voter registration campaign> black homes & churches were bombed- 80 beatings, 35 shootings & 1000 arrests.
82 of 90
How many black people attempted to vote during Mississippi Freedom Summer and how many actually voted
17,000 tried to vote but only 1600 succeeded to vote due to opposition
83 of 90
What de jure change came from the Mississippi Freedom Summer
voting rights act, 1965 (Selma pushed this further)
84 of 90
Main opposition of 1965 Selma Campaign
Local police: used cattle prods against protesters- responsible for Jimmie Lee Jackson murder (26 yr old black man who had been protecting his mum & grandma from brutal police beatings)
85 of 90
What de jure change came from the Selma Campaign (3)
Massive de jure victory> Voting Rights Act 1965 & 1965 Elementary & Secondary Education Act & Higher Education Act
86 of 90
What de facto change came from the Selma Campaign (3)
1965-6 further 230,000 black peps registered to vote across South (added to 800,000 in 1963) 1966: 4southern states had fewer than 50% of black citizens registered to vote. Act more effective in North-nom of voters went from 4m in 1960- 6m in 1965
87 of 90
What did the increase in black voter registration (after the Slema Campaign) lead to?
an increase in number elected to govt positions eg Robert C Henry became first black person to be elected mayor of an American city (Springfield)
88 of 90
What was the Classical Phase of the CRM
1954-64:The beginning of the legal foundations of segregation being broken down
89 of 90
What was the difference between segregation in the North and South during the Classical Phase
South: segregation was more strictly enforced (through violence etc) and was de jure, North:more defacto, e.g black people living in same area due to poverty. There was violence in the north but was worse in the south
90 of 90

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What and when were the Freedom Rides?

Back

1961: Black & white activists traveled by bus from DC to New Orleans- faced violence & firebombing. All signs were taken down by Sept '61

Card 3

Front

What was the Albany movement?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why did the Albany movement not succeed? (3)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1960?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar History resources:

See all History resources »See all American civil rights resources »