Male language is treated as the standard or norm, and female's as deficient.
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Which theory did Zimmerman and West propose?
Dominace theory
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What does the Dominance theory propose?
Men interrupt more than women, as men are more dominant, and women are seen as the subordinate group.
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What did Beattie's theory suggest?
That the work of Zimmerman and West is not reliable.
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What did Beattie find?
Women and men interrupted with more or less equal frequency.
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What did Pamela Fishman propose?
Mixed-sex conversation sometimes fails, not because of female-talk, but because of how men respond, or don't respond.
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What was one of Fishman's suggestions?
Topics initiated by men are more likely to be followed up and pursued than those initiated by women.
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What did Fishman theorise that is contrasting to Lakoff's theories?
Women use tags, not because of uncertainty, but to keep the conversation going.
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Who supports the Difference theory?
Deborah Tannen and Jennifer Coates
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What does Deborah Tannen propose?
Men tend to use a report style (factual information), whereas women tend to use a rapport style (concerned with building and maintaining relationships).
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According to Tannen, why do men assume role of information giver?
It reinforces strength and status.
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What did Peter Trudgill find in his Norwich study?
Men were less likely to use the prestige pronunciation of certain speech sounds.
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What reasoning did Trudgill suggest behind men using low prestige pronunciation?
They were seeking covert prestige by appearing "tough" or "down to earth".
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What did Trudgill say women tended to use?
Prestige pronunciation, as they tended towards hypercorectness.
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What is "verbal hygiene"?
Deborah Cameron says that women have been instructed in the proper ways of talking.
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How does Deborah Cameron support the deficit model?
Women's terms are marked so power lies in the norm, which is the male form.
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What did O'Barr and Atkins find?
Status was more significant than gender in language differences, as shown by courtroom cases.
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Who's theories did O'Barr and Atkins challenge?
Lakoff's
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What does the Deficit theory propose?
Back
Male language is treated as the standard or norm, and female's as deficient.
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