Alcohols

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What is the formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
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What is the suffix and prefix for alcohols?
Suffix - ol, prefix - hydroxy
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What is the angle between the carbon and OH bond?
109.5
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What is a primary alcohol?
-OH is at the end of the chain
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What is a secondary alcohol?
-OH is within the body of the chain
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What is a tertiary alcohol?
-OH is at the branch of the chain
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Why do alcohols have high boil + melt points?
Hydrogen bond occurs between O and H
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Why are short chain alcohols soluble in water?
-OH can hydrogen bond to water
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?What is the two ways of making ethanol?
Hydration or fermentation
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What is required for hydration?
Steam, ethene and phosphoric acid catalyst
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What is the process for hydration?
Ethene is cracked via addition
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What are advantages of hydration?
Fast rate of reaction, continuous process, product is pure
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What are disadvantages of hydration?
Ethene is crude oil which is non-renewable
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What is required for fermentation?
Yeast enzymes, Compromised temp of 35 for effective enzymes and air-tight
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Why is it important oxygen doesn't enter the reaction?
It will oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid
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What is the process of fermentation?
Carbohydrates are broken down to sugars, they're then converted to ethanol using enzymes from yeast, ethanol distilled of at 78 degrees using fractional distillation
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What is the process of breaking down carbohydrates called?
Anaerobic respiration
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What are the advantages of fermentation?
Sugars are a renewable resource
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What are the disadvantages of fermentation?
Slow rate of reaction, batch process, aqeous solution of ethanol produced
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How are alcohols used in combustion?
Used as fuels
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What is needed for dehydration of alcohols?
Excess concentrated sulfuric acid, aluminium oxide catalyst
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What is produced during dehydration?
Alkene, hydrogen ion, water
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What are primary alcohols oxidised to?
Aldehydes
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What are aldehydes further oxidised to?
Carboxylic acids
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What are secondary alcohols oxidised to?
Ketones
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Why don't tertiary alcohols oxidise well?
Oxidation requires a C-C bond not C-H
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What is required to get ethanal from ethanol?
Dilute sulfuric acid, potassium dichromate (VI)
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How is ethanal produced?
Two reactants are heated, ethanal vaporises as soon as it's formed
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What is required to get ethanoic acid from ethanol?
Concentrated sulfuric acid and excess potassium dichromate (VI)
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How is ethanoic acid produced?
Mixture is refluxed, ethanol will condense back into flask until it's oxidised to an acid, ethanoic acid is distilled off at 118 degrees
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How are secondary alchols oxidised to ketones?
Acidified potassium dichromate
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What group do aldehydes and ketones have?
Carbonyl group - carbon - oxygen double bond
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Where does the carbonyl group lie in aldehydes and ketones?
End of chain in aldehydes, body of chain in ketones
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What is Tollen's Reagent?
Solution of silver nitrate and aqeous ammonia
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What is Tollen's Reagent used for?
Identifying aldehydes and ketones
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How does Tollen's Reagent work?
Aldehyde will be oxidised and silver ion is reduced to metallic silver - leaving a silver film on top of test tube
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What is Fehling's Test?
Blue copper (II) complex ions oxidise aldehydes not ketones - turns brick red in presence of aldehyde
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the suffix and prefix for alcohols?

Back

Suffix - ol, prefix - hydroxy

Card 3

Front

What is the angle between the carbon and OH bond?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is a primary alcohol?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is a secondary alcohol?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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