Agression

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Siegal and Victoroff
Found that aggressive behaviour seemed to be controlled by the limbic system. Also found evidence that the cerebral cortex played an important role in moderating
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Raine et al
Scanned the brains of 41 murders and 41 controls and found, using PET scans, that some had abnormalities in the way the limbic system functioned
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Sumer et al
reported on a case study of a 14-year-old girl with a tumour in the limbic system who expressed aggression. When the tumour was treated with drugs, patient returned to normal levels of aggression
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Crockett and Passamonti
An individual with low serotonin has less control over their emotional response, which can lead to aggression
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Huber et al
Found that crayfish injected with serotonin fought for longer than those with normal levels, suggesting high levels of aggression
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Cherek et al
found that when men take drugs that increase their serotonin levels, they display low levels of aggression - suggesting causal link
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Connor and Levine
experimented on rats and found that those that had been castrated when they were young had lower levels of testosterone and displayed lower levels of aggression when adults
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Higley et al
suggests that testosterone levels are not the only factors in aggressive behaviours and found testosterone can affect how aggressive an individual feels, but will not necessarily act on that feeling - social factors too
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Brunner
documented behaviour of five men in a family in the Netherlands who were found to have the shortened version of the gene. All five showed anti-social and aggressive behaviour when triggered
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Tinbergen
crafted models to look like male stickleback fish and real fish would attack the models
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Sackett
reared baby monkeys in isolation and provided them with pictures of monkeys playing, exploring and in threatening poses. The baby monkeys displaced anxiety to the pictures of the threatening stimuli - innate mechanism to detect threat (aggression)
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Sadalla et al
Found women attracted to dominant behaviour from men, supporting aggression as increasing reproductive success. Increases attractiveness but not how much they are liked - mate preference based on survival rather than happiness
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Daly and Wilson
found homicide rates are much higher when a man's partner is about to leave him or already has, meaning fear and jealousy involved in losing a partner can have aggressive consequences
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Irwin and Cressey
Importation model. Prisoners bring aggressive tendencies into prison with them - could be from genes, testosterone, serotonin, social learning, drugs or alcohol
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Kane and Janus
found that number of violent offences in prison were related to the learned history of the offender e.g. lower level of education or more serious criminal record. Young offenders and non-white prisoners more likely to be aggressive in prison (gangs)
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Sykes
Deprivation model - liberty, autonomy, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, security
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Blomberg and Lucken
lack of autonomy causes frustration which prompts aggression
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Lahm
aggressive inmates more likely to commit more assaults in prisons that are overcrowded, with a greater percentage of younger inmates
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DeWall and Anderson
General Aggression Model - no single factor can explain all the research so desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming all operate together to explain long-term effects of violent media
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Bushman
Individuals who had been watching violent video games for 20 minutes took longer to help someone who was injured in a fight than participants who were playing non-violent video games
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Dollard
Frustration-Aggression hypothesis.
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Harris
tested proximity to the goal using queues - had confederates push in front at different points in the queue. People closer to the front were more likely to act aggressively
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Pastore
Tested theory using scenarios where frustration justified e.g. bus not stopping to let people on. Found that levels of aggression expressed in justified frustration settings were lower than in unjustified settings - source important
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Bandura, Ross and Ross
Bobo doll experiment. Children less likely to behave aggressive when model punished, more likely when rewarded
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Hirsh et al
the effects of deindividuation can be positive - doesn't always lead to aggression
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Ingham
de-individuation doesn't cause the violence at football games, aggression has other causes
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Belson
found no evidence of increased violence from watching violence on TV
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Suler
types of disinhibition. Anonymity and invisibility, solipsistic introjection, minimisation of authority
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Bandura, Underwood and Fromson
found that disinhibition in terms of responsibility, prompted more punitive behaviour and increase the more dehumanised someone was
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Hiltz et al
found statistically insignificant increase in pro-social behaviour when using pen names rather than actual names in computer conferencing
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Holloway et al
Cognitive priming - violent images provide us with ready-made scripts about aggression which are triggered with cues
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Kestenbaum and Weinstein
computer games help release aggression and feel calmer
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Anderson and Bushman
conducted a meta-analysis of studies measuring the relationship and found that short-term exposure to video game violence was associated with aggression among all participants. Long-term effects not measured
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Card 2

Front

Scanned the brains of 41 murders and 41 controls and found, using PET scans, that some had abnormalities in the way the limbic system functioned

Back

Raine et al

Card 3

Front

reported on a case study of a 14-year-old girl with a tumour in the limbic system who expressed aggression. When the tumour was treated with drugs, patient returned to normal levels of aggression

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

An individual with low serotonin has less control over their emotional response, which can lead to aggression

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Found that crayfish injected with serotonin fought for longer than those with normal levels, suggesting high levels of aggression

Back

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