Aggression

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What is the definition of crime?
An action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law
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What is the definition of offending?
Commit an illegal act
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Office of National Statistics
Continued rise in the number of police recorded offences involving knives or sharp instruments and an increase in hospital admissions for assaults involving sharp instrument. Homicides increased
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Why do police recorded crime statistics not provide a reliable measure?
They only cover crimes that come to the attention of the police
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As psychologists what do we need to understand?
Different areas of offending behaviour in order to reduce it, successfully punish offenders and help rehabilitate them back into the community
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What is the definition of aggression?
Feelings of anger or antipathy resulting in hostile or violent behaviour; readiness to attack or confront
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Violence
Extreme form of aggression that has severe physical harm as its goal (Anderson and
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What do some people argue about aggression?
It is crucial of hiumans 'behavioural heritage' because it allowed us to eat, defend ourselves and protect our offsprin, mate and acquire resources
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Tremblay (2010)
Need to know when to use aggression because physically aggressive encounters can be fatal and can lead to social exclusion
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What has been previously suggested about aggression?
Some investigators of human and animal behaviour, such as Freud and Lorenz have argued that aggressive behaviour is innate and others have proposed that it is a learnt behaviour (Conger et al (2003)
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Raine, 1993
Both genetic and environmental contributions towards aggressive behaviour
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Anderson and bushman (2002)
General aggression model
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What does this model incorporate?
Many different areas and influences on aggression e.g. person factors (like sex), situation factors (like heat (Bushman et al., 2005), crowding (Lawrence & Andrews, 2004), SES (Haynie et al., 2006)
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What is the sex differences in aggression?
Far more men in prisons than females due to an under reporting of female violencee
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Crick (1995)
Males often engage in physical aggression or 'direct' forms of aggression, females are more likely to exhibit what has been termed relational aggression or indirect forms of aggression such as exclusion
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What is the testosterone hypothesis?
Men have higher amounts of testosterone than women
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Archer (2006)
The challenge hypothesis: generated from research on birds and chimpanzees first, testosterone increases during mating seasons or when females are in heat, more complicated for humans
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Helhammer et al (1985)
testosterone increase in presence of sexually deniable feamles. Salivary testosterone increases after watching an ****** or sexual film, perhaps testosterone prepares us or sexual competition
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Berman et al (1983)
Status challenges increase aggresion, competitve RT task, if you win you can deliver shocks, send more shocks if they are provoked, positive correlation between testosterone and aggression
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Storey et al (2000)
testosterone decreases when preparing to take care of young, testosterone levels are 33% lower early postnatal than late prenatal
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Mazur and Booth (1998)
testosterone is higher in those who are aggressively dominant, most studies examine link testosterone with aggression rather than dominance
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How did high testosterone males perform?
better than low testosterone males after being told task was measuring exceptional ability (believe they are dominant)
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Dabbs and Morris (1990)
testosterone associated with alternative life paths, higher testosterone levels in military veterans associated with not marrying, marital instability, poorer marital quality and increased violence to partner
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Baucom et al (1985)
women with higher testosterone typically have higher occupational status– rise through their occupational paths quicker
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Van Honk et al (2001)
when testosterone administered to young women, they show heightened defence to angry faces
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Carlson (1998)
female criminals also have been found to be much more likely to commit crimes around the menstrual phase of their cycle when progesterone is low, while aggressivity is reduced around the time of ovulation when estrogen and progesterone levels are hig
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Halpern (1994)
Some hypothesis are wrong: testosterone increases in adolescents but aggression does not, Testosterone increases during puberty but self-reported aggression did not increase in parallel
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Archer (2004)
No correlation between testosterone and aggression found in meta analysis
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Rowe et al (1995)
males and females feel angry in the same way, our sensitivity to aggression and provocation is the same, but there’s a difference in the actual behaviour we conduct,
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What does it appear to be related to?
impulsivity and the ability to control yourself and not act on how you’re feeling, sibling pairs, correlates of male and female delinquency were the same, but levels of impulsivity and deceit were higher in males
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Timmers et al (1998)
Spicy sauce paradigm: males allocated more hot sauce (irrespective of if they’ll meet them or not), negative feedback females allocated less sauce than males when they expected to meet partner (Evers et al., 2005)
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Lesch and Merschdof (2000)
Impulsive and aggressive animals and humans have lower concentrations of 5-HT in brain and cerebrospinal fluid
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Duke et al (2013)
meta-analysis of serotonin and human aggression research, results across 175 samples revealed a small, negative correlation between serotonin functioning and aggression– as serotonin decreases, aggression increases
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MAOA gene
short MAOA alleles can predispose aggression when they interact with childhood maltreatment (Caspi at al., 2002) – interaction between genes and environment
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Why is wrong to look at one gene at a time?
It ignores the potential diverse statistical and bio–psycho–social interactions between multiple gene variants and varied environmental conditions that lead to a multitude of endophenotypes and phenotypes related to mental health problems
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Wadsworth and Achenbach (2005)
Longitudinal over 4 years, measured aggression (and other problems) and parental evaluations of aggressive behaviour, SES (via welfare payments, family income, parental occupation), and referrals (to any additional services, behavioural or mental hea
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What did it find?
Those in lower SES groups showed a rise in aggressive behaviour across the study years
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What did lower SES individuals score?
highest for aggression
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Haynie et al (2006)
students and friends interviewed, collected data about self- and peer-reported violence, measured SES, low SES
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What did this correlate with?
Respondents fighting, peers who fight and peers of lower educational involvement
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What was disadvantaged neighbourhood effect mediated by?
Connection with violent and unmotivated peers
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Cote et al (2006)
identified 3 trajectories: 31.1% infrequent use of physical aggression in toddlerhood and virtually none by pre-adolescence
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What were the findings?
• 52.2% occasional use of physical aggression in toddlerhood and infrequent use by pre-adolescence
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where were the high physical agression trajectory group likely to be from?
Boys, from low income families, from families where the mother had not completed highschool and using hostile/ineffective parenting strategies.
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Johnson et al (2006)
structured interview with parents and with children, longitudinal, controlled for age, sex, psychiatric problems and behavioural and emotional problems, low parental affection or nurturing was associated with elevated risk for offspring antisocial ac
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Social learning theory
children can learn to be aggressive by watching others, basic Bobo doll experiment, imitation and observation, if parents are aggressive, children can learn to be as well
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Herrera and McCloskey (2003)
Children who are exposed to violence in the family are more likely to grow up to become violent and aggressive themselves
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Maguin and Loeber (1996)
Meta-analysis of academic performance and delinquency, those with lower academic performance
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What were the three factors?
Offended more frequently, committed more serious and violent offences, persisted in their offending
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What is it difficult to know?
Difficult to know whether they’re offending because they’re stupid or they’re not paying attention at school because they’re too busy offending
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Heaven (1996)
Agreeableness has a strong negative association with self-reported violence, Conscientiousness is moderately and negatively associated with violence, Neuroticism is moderately and positively correlated with self-reported violence
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Jolliffe (2013)
looked at FFM and crime separately for males and females
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What was found for males?
Low agreeableness and low conscientiousness were independently related to the prevalence of self-reported offending for males and that low agreeableness was independently related to frequent male offending
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What was found for female?
Low conscientiousness was independently related to female offending, but so too were interactions between disrupted family and extraversion and disrupted family and openness
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What was independently related to frequent female offending?
The interaction between extraversion and a disrupted family was also independently related to frequent female offending
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Brain dysfunction: Henry & Moffitt (1997)
neuropsychological tests have indicated poor functioning of the frontal and temporal regions of the brain in violent offenders
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Birth complications
birth complications have been repeatedly found to be associated with later increased aggressive behaviour in childhood (Cocchi et al., 1984) and criminal activity in adults (Hodgins, Kratzer, & McNeil, 2001
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When is birth complications likely to lead to aggression?
aggressive behaviour is especially likely to develop when birth complications combine with psychosocial risk factors such as disadvantaged family environment, and poor parenting (Arsenault et al., 2002)
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Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) General theory of crime
this theory asserts that the essential element of criminality is the absence of self-control. Persons with high self-control consider the long-term consequences of their behaviour; those with low self-control do not.
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What is it important to understand?
multidimensional nature of aggression
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the definition of offending?

Back

Commit an illegal act

Card 3

Front

Office of National Statistics

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why do police recorded crime statistics not provide a reliable measure?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

As psychologists what do we need to understand?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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