Age and crime: Sub-cultural Explanations - Crime and Deviance

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What percentage of crime is commited by young people?
50%
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What is the theory called that relates to young people and offending?
Sub-cultural theory
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What do most of these groups happen to be?
Male and working class
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Sub-cultural theory includes reasearch into youth groups who have their own what?
Own set of norms and values
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What Funcitonalist says 'lower class' boys emulate middle class values and aspirations but lack what?
Cohen - The means to achieve this success
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What does Cohen's theory lead to?
Status frustration - sense of personal failure and humilation
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Cohen - What do the boys reject and where most often?
Reject values and patterns of 'acceptable' behaviour they couldnt be successful in - In schools
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Cohen - when these boys fail in schools and feel humilated what do they do and why?
To gain status - They 'invert' traditional middle class vaues - behaving badly and anti-social behaviour
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What is a criticism of Cohen?
How can the young delinquents work out what middle class values are and invert them
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What Marxist criticised Cohen and how?
Brake - Working class youth more criminal because they're more likely to be in a position to show resistance to capitalism than older people
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Who made up the 'illegitimate opportunity structure'
Cloward and Ohlin
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What is the 'illegitimate opportunity structure'?
Parrel to legal structure, some subcultures have a regular illegal career avaliable with illegal means of obtaining society's goals
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Who wrote the book 'Bad Bussiness' and what was it about?
**** Hobbs - Interviewed successful professional criminals and shows how its possible to have a career in crime given the right connections and 'qualities'
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What three adaptations or subcultures does the 'illegitimate opportunity structure' have?
Criminal (Good local crime subcultures, sussessful role models, hirachy to move up), Confict (Similar groups without local crime subculture fight), Retreativist (Individual, no opportunity/ability for first two, double failure, does drugs/alcohol)
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What are two evaluative points of Cloward and Ohlin?
It shows that some people have a criminal opportunity structure, difficult to accept that everyone would fit into one of just three categories
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What are four evaulative points of functionalist subcultural theory?
Assumes a common value system (Marxist crit), Doesn't explain why people do or don't be in deviant subcultures, Understates gender race class, Over focus on w/c males not other deviant subcultures
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What has been the influence of functionalist subcultural theory?
Venkatesh's study of US drug gang supports it as members held mainstream values (money) but used different means (drugs) to achieve goals, also structure is similar to companies (Hirachy, meetings, promotion),desire to be included leads to exclusion
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What are the two critisms of Scraton and Gordon and who are they from?
Lea and Young (Left Realists) - Majority of crimes intra-racial so not political struggle against the white majority, argue Scraton is romanticing crime and criminals and thus ignoring the real harm to victims
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What theory says working class deviant youth subcultures are a form of ideological resistance and to what?
Marxism - Resistance to dominant adult value system shaped by middle class and capitalist values
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What study says youth subcultures should be seen as a challenged to what inequality?
The Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) - Challenge to class inequality of capitalist system
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Which theorist studied a 1970's subculture and said it was a symbolic reaction to what?
Phil Cohen - 1970's Skinheads - A symbolic reaction to decline of w/c communities eg over masculine, anti-immigration reaction to decline of exclusively white neighbourhoods
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Which theorist studied a 1970's subculture and said it was symbolically resisting what?
Hebdige - 1970's Punk Rockers set out to deliberately shock, the establishment and society using style of ordinary objects, deviant symbols and sexual ******* gear to symbolically resist dominant cultural values of British society of the time
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WHat theorist noted how capitlaist society quickly adatps to challenges like subcultues to its cultural dominance and how?
Hebdige - Punks and other youth cultures are usually short lived due to incoporation, capitalism quickly commercializes aspects of youth cultural style eg sells them, loses ideological significance, become just another consumer item
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What are three evaluation points of Marxist sub-cultural theory?
Marxists underestimate extent some changes in youth culture are manufactured by capiatlaism & shaped by consumerism, Little empiracle research evidence,Katz (postmod) crime seduces young males for thrill not ideology & Lyng says edgework
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Which Left Realists said subcultures develop amongst groups who suffer what?
Lea and Young - Realtive deprivation and marginalisation - Specific sets of values, dress, behaviour develop that reflect problems members face
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What do Lea and Young think about the values of subculutures?
They are still located in values of wider society. Subcultures emerge because members subscribe to dominant values of society, but blocked off (due to marginalisation) from success. Outcome is street crime by young males
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What are the techniques of neutralisation and who said it?
Matza - Denail of responsibility (not my fault), Denial of victim (victim is wrong), Condemnation of condemners (I feel picked on for something others do and not punished for), Appeal to higher loyalties (I ignored rule/law for a good reason)
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What is the link between gender and subcultural theory?
Sub-cultural theory is overwhelmingly male, male behaviour
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Who says that to explain male offending behaviour we need to first what?
Collison - First explain nature of being male in our society and what links masculinity to crime
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Card 2

Front

What is the theory called that relates to young people and offending?

Back

Sub-cultural theory

Card 3

Front

What do most of these groups happen to be?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Sub-cultural theory includes reasearch into youth groups who have their own what?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What Funcitonalist says 'lower class' boys emulate middle class values and aspirations but lack what?

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Preview of the front of card 5
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