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6. Marxist subcultural theory - Which two Marxist say how race is treated in terms of Crime and Deviance?

  • Scraton and Gordon - police and media show race as a problem, ethnic minorities in worse socio-economic position than white majority this lead to cultures of resistance based on anti-colonial struggles, young members commit crimes as a political act
  • Brake and Hebdige - police and media show race as a problem, ethnic minorities in worse socio-economic position than white majority this lead to cultures of resistance based on anti-colonial struggles, young members commit crimes as a political act
  • Snider and Gordon - police and media show race as a problem, ethnic minorities in worse socio-economic position than white majority this lead to cultures of resistance based on anti-colonial struggles, young members commit crimes as a political act

7. What Marxist criticised Cohen and how?

  • Brake - Working class youth more deviant because they're less likely to be in a position to show resistance to capitalism than older people
  • Brake - Working class youth more criminal because they're more likely to be in a position to show resistance to capitalism than older people
  • The other Cohen - Working class youth more criminal because they're more likely to be in a position to show resistance to capitalism than older people

8. What Funcitonalist says 'lower class' boys emulate middle class values and aspirations but lack what?

  • Cohen - The success to achieve this means
  • Cohen - The means to achieve this success
  • Cloward - The means to achieve this success

9. Which Interactionist gives an evaluation of Subcultural theory?

  • Matza - Some groups in society, not including subculutres, use a shared set of subterranean values, most people control deviant desires, use techniques of neutralisation
  • Matza - All groups in society, including subculutres, use a shared set of subterranean values, most people control deviant desires, use techniques of neutralisation
  • Collison - All groups in society, including subculutres, use a shared set of subterranean values, most people control deviant desires, use techniques of neutralisation

10. What are the two critisms of Scraton and Gordon and who are they from?

  • Lea and Young (Left Realists) - Majority of crimes intra-racial so not political struggle against the white majority, argue Scraton is romanticing crime and criminals and thus ignoring the real harm to victims
  • Lea and Young (Right Realists) - Majority of crimes intra-racial so not political struggle against the white majority, argue Scraton is romanticing crime and criminals and thus ignoring the real harm to victims
  • Lea and Young (Interactionalists) - Majority of crimes intra-racial so not political struggle against the white majority, argue Scraton is romanticing crime and criminals and thus ignoring the real harm to victims

11. What three adaptations or subcultures does the 'illegitimate opportunity structure' have?

  • Criminal (Good local crime subcultures, sussessful role models, hirachy to move up), Confict (Similar groups without local crime subculture fight), Retreativist (Individual, no opportunity/ability for first two, double failure, does drugs/alcohol)
  • Criminal (Bad local crime subcultures, unsussessful role models, hirachy immobile), Confict (Different groups with local crime subculture fight), Retreativist (Individual, reject opportunity/ability for first two, triple failure, does drugs/alcohol)
  • Deviant (Good local deviant subcultures, sussessful role models, hirachy to move up), Confict (Similar groups without local deviant subculture agree),Retreativist (Individual, no opportunity/ability for first two, double failure, does drugs/alcohol)

12. What percentage of crime is commited by young people?

  • 50%
  • 60%
  • 40%

13. What is the 'illegitimate opportunity structure'?

  • Parrel to legal infrastructure, all subcultures have a regular illegal career avaliable with illegal means of obtaining society's goals
  • Parrel to legal structure, some subcultures have a regular illegal career avaliable with illegal means of obtaining society's goals
  • Parrel to illegal structure, some cultures have a irregular legal unemployment avaliable with legal means of rejecting society's goals

14. What study says youth subcultures should be seen as a challenged to what inequality?

  • The Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) - Challenge to class inequality of capitalist system
  • The Bristol Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) - Challenge to class inequality of capitalist system
  • The Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) - Challenge to age inequality of capitalist system

15. What theory says working class deviant youth subcultures are a form of ideological resistance and to what?

  • Marxism - Resistance to dominant adult value system shaped by ruling class and capitalist values
  • Marxism - Resistance to dominant adult value system shaped by middle class and capitalist values
  • Neo Marxism - Resistance to dominant adult value system shaped by middle class and capitalist values

16. What do Lea and Young think about the values of subculutures?

  • They are still located in norms of smaller society. Cultures emerge because members subscribe to dominant vnorms of society, but blocked off (due to marginalisation) from success. Outcome is street crime by old males
  • They are still located in values of wider society. Subcultures emerge because members subscribe to dominant values of society, but blocked off (due to marginalisation) from success. Outcome is street crime by young males
  • They arent still located in values of wider society. Subcultures emerge because members dont subscribe to dominant values of society, but blocked off (due to marginalisation) from success. Outcome is corporate crime by young females

17. Which Left Realists said subcultures develop amongst groups who suffer what?

  • Lea and Young - Realtive deprivation and marginalisation - Specific sets of values, dress, behaviour develop that reflect problems members face
  • Jock and Young - Realtive deprivation and marginalisation - Specific sets of values, dress, behaviour develop that reflect problems members face
  • Lea and Reiner - Realtive deprivation and marginalisation - Specific sets of values, nakedness, behaviour develop that reflect positives members face

18. What are two evaluative points of Cloward and Ohlin?

  • It shows that some people have a criminal opportunity structure, easy to accept that everyone would fit into one of just three categories
  • It shows that some people have a criminal opportunity structure, difficult to accept that everyone would fit into one of just three categories
  • It shows that some people have a criminal opportunity structure, difficult to accept that everyone would fit into one of just five categories

19. Who says that to explain male offending behaviour we need to first what?

  • Murray - First explain nature of being male in our society and what links masculinity to crime
  • Collison - First explain nature of being male in our society and what links masculinity to crime
  • Ansley - First explain nature of being male in our society and what links masculinity to crime

20. What do most of these groups happen to be?

  • Male and under-class class
  • Male and working class
  • Female and working class