Addiction

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  • Created by: Sarahj385
  • Created on: 25-01-17 19:21
Addiction
A state characterised by compulsively engaging in rewarding stimuli despite the associated adverse consequences
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Physical dependence
to a drug is evident when an individual needs to take the drug in order to feel 'normal'. It can be demonstrated by the presence of withdrawal symptoms if the individual abstains from the drug.
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Psychological dependence
occurs when a drug becomes a central part of an individual's thoughts, emotions and activities, resulting in a strong urge to use the drug
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Tolerance
means that an individual no longer responds to a drug in the same way, with the result that larger and larger doses are needed in order to experience the same effects as before.
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Withdrawal syndrome
can occur when a drug on which an individual is physically dependent is discontinued. Withdrawal symptoms such as shaking and anxiety can occur, as the body attempts to deal with the absence of the drug's effects.
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Genetic
refers to inherited characteristics that are passed from parents to their children in the form of information carried on their chromosomes.
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Personality
refers to the stable traits of a person that underlie consistencies in the way they behave overtime and in different situations
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stress
A state of physiological arousal produced by demands from the environment (stressors)
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Peers
refers to individual's of the same age who possess common values and standards of behaviour. Peer groups tend to develop in middle childhood, when belonging to a group becomes more important to a child
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Dopamine
One of the key neurotransmitters in the brain, with effects on motivation and drive.
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Neurochemistry
The study of chemical and neural processes associated with the nervous sysem
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Nicotine
is the main active ingredient of tobacco. It is known to have a number of effects, including stimulant and relaxant effects
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Learning theory
Explanations (Such as classical and operant conditioning) which explain behaviours in terms of learning rather than any inborn tendencies, physiological factors or cognitive reasoning
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Cue reactivity
Objects and environments associated with a drug or behaviour become conditioned stimuli, so people experience greater craving and physiological arousal when exposed to the objects and environments associated with their addiction
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Partial reinforcement
Only some responses are reinforced, compared to full reinforcement where every response may be reinforced every 5th time (irregular interval) or at variable intervals
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Variable reinforcement
A response is reinforced after an unpredictable number responses. In variable ratio reinforcement, the delivery of reinforcement is unpredictable but averages out at a specific rate
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Cognitive biases
are irrational beliefs that are unhelpful, illogical and inconsistent with our social reality, and which can lead us to behave in inappropriate ways.
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Drug therapy
Interventions that use medication in order to treat addiction. Drugs interact with receptors or enzymes in the brain to reduce cravings for a drug or the desire to engage in a particular behaviour
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Aversion therapy
aims to decrease or eliminate the undesirable behaviours associated with addiction by associating them with unpleasant or uncomfortable sensations
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Behavioural interventions
work on the assumption that addictive behaviours are learned and so can be reduced or eliminated by changing the consequences of these behaviours
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Covert sensitisation
involves eliminating an unwanted behaviour by creating an imaginary association between the behaviour and an unpleasant stimulus or consequence.
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Theory of planned behaviour
An individual's decision to engage in a particular behaviour can be directly predicted by their intention to engage in that behaviour, which in term is determined by their behavioural attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control
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Prochaska's six-stage model
A model of addiction treatment that sees people passing through six transitional stages when attempting to change a problematic behaviour such as smoking or gambling.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

to a drug is evident when an individual needs to take the drug in order to feel 'normal'. It can be demonstrated by the presence of withdrawal symptoms if the individual abstains from the drug.

Back

Physical dependence

Card 3

Front

occurs when a drug becomes a central part of an individual's thoughts, emotions and activities, resulting in a strong urge to use the drug

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

means that an individual no longer responds to a drug in the same way, with the result that larger and larger doses are needed in order to experience the same effects as before.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

can occur when a drug on which an individual is physically dependent is discontinued. Withdrawal symptoms such as shaking and anxiety can occur, as the body attempts to deal with the absence of the drug's effects.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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