Transport of Gases

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  • Created by: Ruhab21
  • Created on: 22-09-20 20:48
What is blood?
Aqueous Medium allows exchange and delivery of important molecules like 02
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What is plasma comprised of and what colour is it? (2 marks)
1) Glucose, amino acids and water
2)Straw coloured
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How much of plasma is water?
90%
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Name the 3 types of blood cells and what are their roles? (3 marks)
1) Erythrocytes (transport O2 cuz they red blood cells)
2) Leucocytes (Immune Response cuz they white blood cells)
3) Thrombocytes (platelets for clotting)
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What is the role of plasma?
Transferring heat around the body 2) Transport of hormones, proteins and antibodies
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What pigment is found in erythrocytes?
Haemoglobin
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Why do erythrocytes need to be flexible?
So they can fit through the narrow lumen of capillaries
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Name the two groups of leucocytes and their functions.
1) Granulocytes; engulf pathogens
2) Agranulocytes; produce antibodies
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Explain the differences in structure of granulocytes and agranulocytes.
1) Granulocytes : lobed nuclei to avoid taking too much space
2) Agranulocytes: spherical nucleus and a large number of RER
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What is the equation for the reaction between haemoglobin and oxygen?
Hb + 4O2 ----> Hb.O8
<----
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Define affinity
One molecule having a chemical attraction for another
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Define saturation
The percentage of oxygen bound to haemoglobin
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Define association/loading
The uptake of oxygen by haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin at the lungs
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Define dissociation/unloading
The release of oxygen at the respiring tissues to form haemoglobin
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Define cooperative binding
The increasing ease with which haemoglobin binds to its second and third oxygen molecules, as the conformation of the haemoglobin changes
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What do we measure the concentration of oxygen by?
Partial pressure
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Where is the ppO2 high and what occurs because of this?
The lungs
Oxygen associates with haemoglobin
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Where is ppO2 low and what occurs because of this?
Respiring tissues
Oxygen dissociates from oxyhaemoglobin, forming haemoglobin
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In terms of haemoglobin affinity, what is the difference between low ppO2 and high ppO2?
low- low affinity
high- high affinity for oxygen
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Oxygen affinity decreases as ppO2 does. What is this significant in humans?
1) Oxygen is readily released to meet respiratory demands.
2) A small ppO2 reduction leads to a rapid dissociation of oxygen.
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Why is the foetal oxygen dissociation curve shifted to the left?
It means the foetus has a higher affinity for oxygen and can associate with oxygen from the mothers blood at all ppO2.
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Why do animals who live at high altitude have more red blood cells?
They will have more haemoglobin for carrying oxygen
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Describe llama haemoglobin, referring to its habitat.
Llama at high altitudes, so theres a drop in atmosphere pressure and ppO2. Llama haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen and picks up oxygen more readily
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Describe lugworm haemoglobin with reference to its haemoglobin
They live in sand burrows on the seashore so they obtain oxygen from seawater, which has a low ppO2. Their haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen.
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What does the myoglobin oxygen dissociation curve show about the way it works in different ppO2?
At every ppO2, myoglobin has a higher % oxygen saturation than haemoglobin. At very low ppO2, oxymyoglobin unloads all of its oxygen
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What causes the Bohr effect?
When ppCO2 is high, the conditions become more acidic causing haemoglobin to change shape and have a lower affinity for oxygen.
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Why is the Bohr effect beneficial?
The lowered affinity of haemoglobin means oxyhaemoglobin dissociates more readily at respiring tissues.
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What is the lymphatic system involved in?
The absorption of lipids in the small intestine.
The formation if lymphocytes and the prevention of disease
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What is lymph?
The remaining tissue fluid that doesn't return to capillaries at the venous end of a capillary bed
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Explain the process of the Chloride shift
1) CO2 from respiring cells diffuses into red blood cells in the plasma
2) It reacts with water to form carbonic acid, catalysed by carbonic anhydrase
3) Carbonic anhydrase is unstable so immediately dissociates into H+ ions and HCO3-
4) HCO3- ions combin
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What causes kwashiokor?
Lack of protein due to malnutrition there less plasma protein. The blood has a higher water potential so osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure. Tissue fluid then remains in the tissue,making them swell.
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How does tissue fluid form?
The blood has high hydrostatic pressure which is greater than osmotic pressure. There is a net flow of fluid out of the blood, forced through gaps in the capillary so plasma becomes tissue fluid, just without plasma proteins
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What helps decrease the water potential and therefore hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the venous end of a capillary bed?
The presence of plasma proteins
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is plasma comprised of and what colour is it? (2 marks)

Back

1) Glucose, amino acids and water
2)Straw coloured

Card 3

Front

How much of plasma is water?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Name the 3 types of blood cells and what are their roles? (3 marks)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the role of plasma?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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