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6. connection pathways between the left and right cerebral hemispheres form the;

  • thalamus
  • brain stem
  • corpus callosum
  • limbic system

7. The kidneys are situated in a:

  • hyperthoracic position
  • hypoabdominal position
  • retroperitoneal position
  • supracural position

8. The hypothalamus;

  • lies in an inferior position to the pituitary gland
  • contains neurones specifically sensitive to a rise in temperature
  • secretes melatonin
  • lies in the mesencephalon

9. With respect to spinal reflexes;

  • every reflex involves at least one synapse in the spinal cord
  • every reflex involves a synapse in the dorsal root ganglion
  • the response only ever leads to the contraction of one muscle
  • reflexes may be elicited if the dorsal roots are cut

10. Regarding the renal circulation;

  • as cardiac output increases during exercise renal blood flow rises
  • kidneys receive about 10% of the resting cardiac output
  • renal blood flow is maintained within narrow limits despite changes in arterial blood pressure
  • increased activity in the renal sympathetic nerves results in increased blood flow to the kidneys

11. The negative feedback system for temperature control originates from the;

  • brain stem
  • hypothalamus
  • limbic system
  • frontal lobe

12. What effect would vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus have?

  • an increase in sodium reabsorption
  • a decrease in ultrafiltrate production
  • an increase in ultrafiltrate production
  • a decrease in renin secretion

13. The spinal cord feature associated with the bundle of nerves supplying the upper limbs is the

  • cervical enlargement
  • brachial plexus
  • lateral gray horns
  • brachial enlargement

14. Which one of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

  • homeostatic control of internal eye pressure
  • homeostatic control of heart rate
  • homeostatic control of fluid intake
  • homeostatic control of blood temperature

15. Regarding the control of water balance by the kidneys;

  • antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to a decrease in the osmolarity of the blood
  • antidiuretic hormone acts on the P cells of the collecting ducts to increase their permeability to water
  • the renal medulla has an osmotic gradient that decreases from the border with the cortex to the renal papilla
  • a normal person cannot produce urine with an osmolarity greater than 300mOsmol.kg-1

16. The triangular regions of the kidneys that are striped in appearance and separated by the renal columns are the;

  • renal calyces
  • renal cortex
  • renal pyramids
  • renal pelvis

17. inflammation of the conjunctiva involves which of the following?

  • delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front of the eyes
  • extrinsic eye muscles
  • glands that produce tears
  • circular band surrounding the pupil

18. Which one of the following is NOT a substance typically reabsorbed by the tubules under normal healthy conditions?

  • urea
  • water
  • sodium
  • glucose

19. Which one of the following substances is normally found in urine?

  • white blood cells
  • haemoglobin
  • creatinine
  • blood proteins

20. Regarding the transport of glucose by the renal tubules;

  • in a healthy person, the proximal tubules reabsorb most of the glucose
  • in a healthy person, the distal tubules reabsorb all the filtered glucose
  • a transport maximum for glucose is about 36 mg min-1
  • glucose is secreted in the urine in small quantities