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6. connection pathways between the left and right cerebral hemispheres form the;
- thalamus
- brain stem
- corpus callosum
- limbic system
7. The kidneys are situated in a:
- hyperthoracic position
- hypoabdominal position
- retroperitoneal position
- supracural position
8. The hypothalamus;
- lies in an inferior position to the pituitary gland
- contains neurones specifically sensitive to a rise in temperature
- secretes melatonin
- lies in the mesencephalon
9. With respect to spinal reflexes;
- every reflex involves at least one synapse in the spinal cord
- every reflex involves a synapse in the dorsal root ganglion
- the response only ever leads to the contraction of one muscle
- reflexes may be elicited if the dorsal roots are cut
10. Regarding the renal circulation;
- as cardiac output increases during exercise renal blood flow rises
- kidneys receive about 10% of the resting cardiac output
- renal blood flow is maintained within narrow limits despite changes in arterial blood pressure
- increased activity in the renal sympathetic nerves results in increased blood flow to the kidneys
11. The negative feedback system for temperature control originates from the;
- brain stem
- hypothalamus
- limbic system
- frontal lobe
12. What effect would vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus have?
- an increase in sodium reabsorption
- a decrease in ultrafiltrate production
- an increase in ultrafiltrate production
- a decrease in renin secretion
13. The spinal cord feature associated with the bundle of nerves supplying the upper limbs is the
- cervical enlargement
- brachial plexus
- lateral gray horns
- brachial enlargement
14. Which one of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
- homeostatic control of internal eye pressure
- homeostatic control of heart rate
- homeostatic control of fluid intake
- homeostatic control of blood temperature
15. Regarding the control of water balance by the kidneys;
- antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to a decrease in the osmolarity of the blood
- antidiuretic hormone acts on the P cells of the collecting ducts to increase their permeability to water
- the renal medulla has an osmotic gradient that decreases from the border with the cortex to the renal papilla
- a normal person cannot produce urine with an osmolarity greater than 300mOsmol.kg-1
16. The triangular regions of the kidneys that are striped in appearance and separated by the renal columns are the;
- renal calyces
- renal cortex
- renal pyramids
- renal pelvis
17. inflammation of the conjunctiva involves which of the following?
- delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front of the eyes
- extrinsic eye muscles
- glands that produce tears
- circular band surrounding the pupil
18. Which one of the following is NOT a substance typically reabsorbed by the tubules under normal healthy conditions?
- urea
- water
- sodium
- glucose
19. Which one of the following substances is normally found in urine?
- white blood cells
- haemoglobin
- creatinine
- blood proteins
20. Regarding the transport of glucose by the renal tubules;
- in a healthy person, the proximal tubules reabsorb most of the glucose
- in a healthy person, the distal tubules reabsorb all the filtered glucose
- a transport maximum for glucose is about 36 mg min-1
- glucose is secreted in the urine in small quantities