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6. James Milroy

  • Central
  • Descriptivist
  • Prescriptivist

7. Aitchison's crumbling castle metaphor

  • Language should be preserved
  • Language changes because people are lazy
  • People pick up language changes to fit in with certain social groups

8. James Milroy's argument

  • Never has been a golden age of English language because it is always changing
  • The golden age of English langauge was the 21st century

9. Aitchison's damp spoon metaphor

  • People pick up language changes to fit in with certain social groups
  • Language changes because people are lazy
  • Language should be preserved

10. Halliday's functional theory

  • New words occur because we need them - new inventions
  • Believes functional sentences are a necessity for language change
  • Need certain function words to adapt

11. Fairclough degrees of modality

  • Epistemic and deontic
  • Certain and obligation

12. David Crystal

  • Descriptivist
  • Prescriptivist
  • Central

13. David Crystal understanding words

  • Only the most literate can manipulate language
  • Words can be understood easily
  • Believes it is difficult to understand certain words

14. Aitchison internal socioliogical factors - gap between language and technology

  • Technology and language
  • All language geared towards younger users
  • Fashion and foreign influence

15. Giles accomadation theory

  • Standerdisation and spelling
  • Convergence and divergence
  • Phological and technological

16. Aitchison 3 possibilities of language change

  • Social and cultural change, great vowel shift, war and invasion
  • Slowly evolving to a more efficient state, language can neither progress or decay, slow decay
  • Migration, trade and new inventions, the media

17. Jean Aitchison

  • Prescriptivist
  • Talks about people's views, not prescriptivist or descriptivist
  • Descriptivist

18. Aitchison infectious disease metaphor

  • People pick up language changes to fit in with certain social groups
  • Language should be preserved
  • Language changes because people are lazy

19. Lakoff

  • Language in women is weaker and men are more direct
  • Men seek reassurance and women are more inferior to men

20. Aitchison external sociological factors - social needs

  • How fashionable it is to use language and foreign influence
  • All language geared towards younger users and more simplified