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6. James Milroy
- Central
- Descriptivist
- Prescriptivist
7. Aitchison's crumbling castle metaphor
- Language should be preserved
- Language changes because people are lazy
- People pick up language changes to fit in with certain social groups
8. James Milroy's argument
- Never has been a golden age of English language because it is always changing
- The golden age of English langauge was the 21st century
9. Aitchison's damp spoon metaphor
- People pick up language changes to fit in with certain social groups
- Language changes because people are lazy
- Language should be preserved
10. Halliday's functional theory
- New words occur because we need them - new inventions
- Believes functional sentences are a necessity for language change
- Need certain function words to adapt
11. Fairclough degrees of modality
- Epistemic and deontic
- Certain and obligation
12. David Crystal
- Descriptivist
- Prescriptivist
- Central
13. David Crystal understanding words
- Only the most literate can manipulate language
- Words can be understood easily
- Believes it is difficult to understand certain words
14. Aitchison internal socioliogical factors - gap between language and technology
- Technology and language
- All language geared towards younger users
- Fashion and foreign influence
15. Giles accomadation theory
- Standerdisation and spelling
- Convergence and divergence
- Phological and technological
16. Aitchison 3 possibilities of language change
- Social and cultural change, great vowel shift, war and invasion
- Slowly evolving to a more efficient state, language can neither progress or decay, slow decay
- Migration, trade and new inventions, the media
17. Jean Aitchison
- Prescriptivist
- Talks about people's views, not prescriptivist or descriptivist
- Descriptivist
18. Aitchison infectious disease metaphor
- People pick up language changes to fit in with certain social groups
- Language should be preserved
- Language changes because people are lazy
19. Lakoff
- Language in women is weaker and men are more direct
- Men seek reassurance and women are more inferior to men
20. Aitchison external sociological factors - social needs
- How fashionable it is to use language and foreign influence
- All language geared towards younger users and more simplified