A Level Geography- Urbanisation key terminology

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Urbanisation
The growth in the proportion of residents living in urban areas/ cities.
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Suburbanisation
The migration of people from city centres to the outskirts of cities.
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Counterurbanisation
The movement of people out of urban areas to surrounding villages & rural areas.
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Urban resurgence
The movement of people back to the city centre after urban regeneration schemes.
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Megacity
A city with a population of over 10 million people.
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World city
A city that has political and financial influence
over the whole world.
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Deindustrialisation
Where manufacturing operations that were previously in developed countries move abroad due to cheaper operation costs.
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Decentralisation
Due to increasing land prices, shops and services move out of the city centres and relocate to the suburbs.
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Urban Development Corporations (UDCs)
Agencies created by the government that use private sector funding to restore derelict areas, which started in 1979 after city centres in the UK went into decline.
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Enterprise Zones (EZs)
EZs were established in 1981 in areas with high unemployment levels and attracted start-up companies to an area to create jobs.
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City Centre programme
Was created in 1991 where local authorities competed for government funding to regenerate deprived urban areas.
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Partnership schemes
Since 2010, the government worked with private companies to provide financial support and expertise for urban regeneration.
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Urban form
The physical characteristics that make up a city, including the size, shape, population density and how the city is arranged.
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Town centre mixed developments
These are areas with mixed land-use patterns; so residential, leisure & commerical use are combined.
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Cultural & heritage quarters
These are areas focusing on the history or character of a city and are developed to regenerate former industrial areas.
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Fortress developments
These are developments with a lot of security and are designed to provide a lot of proctection.
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Gentrified areas
Gentrification is when wealthier people move into rundown inner city areas and regenerate them by improving housing.
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Edge cities
New areas of offices, shops and leisure facilities that develop close to major transport links where land is cheaper.
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Post-modern cities
The movement away from uniformity in architecture and from clear-cut patterns of land use.
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Economic inequality
The unequal distribution of money amongst a population.
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Social segeration
When different groups of different backgrounds are separated from each other and concentrated in specific areas of the city.
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Urban heat island effect (UHI)
Urban areas with higher air temperatures than the surrounding rural areas.
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Temperature 'sinks'
Pockets of cool air above parks and bodies of water.
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Temperature 'plateaus'
Whens areas with the same land-use patterns have similar temperatures.
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Temperature 'cliffs'
Rapid changes in temperature due to changing land-use patterns.
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Canyon effect
When powerful gusts of wind are channelled down streets in urban areas.
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Particulates
Tiny pieces of solids and tiny droplets of liquid floating in the air.
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Photochemical smog
When pollutants come into contact with UV rays from sunlight, it causes them to break down into harmful chemicals.
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Catchment management
A way of managing rivers and improving drainage systems by looking at the whole river catchment, and the interactions between water & land.
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Sustainable Urban Drainage systems (SUDs)
Aim to imitate natural drainage systems, rather than channelling water through pipes & drains.
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Vegetated trenches
Increase rainfall interception, infiltration & water storage; decreases runoff and channel flow, lowering flood risk.
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Vegetated roofs
Intercept rainfall and evapotranspiration, which
reduces flood risk.
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Roof containers
Catch and store rainwater for reuse, which reduces drought
risk.
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Industrial waste
Any waste that has been produced in the manufacturing process or from industrial activity.
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Commercial waste
Any waste produce by businesses.
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Personal waste
Any waste produced by private homes.
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Waste stream
The flow of waste from its origin through to its eventual disposal.
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Urban dereliction
When economic activity in urban areas decline and buildings become run down.
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Ecological footprint
The amount of land that an individual needs to produce everything they consume and to absorb their waste.
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Natural sustainability
How the environment, resources and waste are managed.
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Physical sustainability
How well a city is able to support the residents.
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Social sustainability
How the people live together, their quality of life and the availability of basic services.
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Economic sustainability
Maintaining the economic growth without causing long-term negative effects.
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Liveability
A measure of how good the living conditions of an area are.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The migration of people from city centres to the outskirts of cities.

Back

Suburbanisation

Card 3

Front

The movement of people out of urban areas to surrounding villages & rural areas.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

The movement of people back to the city centre after urban regeneration schemes.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A city with a population of over 10 million people.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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