A-Level English Lang/Lit Remembered Places Glossary

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Accent
A distinctive way of pronouncing words usually associated with a county, area or class.
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Dialect
Specific words/phrases associated with a region, area, class or age group
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Idiolect
Is each individual’s style of speaking, each person has their own idiolect
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Vague Language
‘Sort of’, ‘like’, ‘whatever’ – imprecise/unassertive language
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Prosodic Features
Stress, Rhythm, Pitch, Intonation – used to demonstrate meaning – it is basically how something is said
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Paralinguistic Features
Put simply body language, gestures, facial expressions and any non-verbal elements to add meaning to what a speaker says.
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Ellison
The omission or slurring of one or more sounds or syllables e.g. Gonna, wannabe etc
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Conservative RP
Conservative RP refers to a very traditional variety particularly associated with older speakers and the aristocracy.
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Mainstream RP
Mainstream RP describes an accent that we might consider extremely neutral in terms of signals regarding age, occupation or lifestyle of the speaker.
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Contemporary RP
Contemporary RP refers to speakers using features typical of younger RP speakers.
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Syndetic List
If there is a list that has only one conjunction and it’s at the end of the list, then it is a syndetic list. Most lists are usually like this. Example: tourist, businessman or lover (one conjunction at the end)
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Asyndetic List
No conjunctions used throughout. Example: Paris has a reputation for being chic, trendy, fashionable. (No conjunctions)
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Polysyndetic List
Multiple conjunction use throughout. Example: Paris has a reputation for being chic and trendy and fashionable. (Multiple conjunctions used between each item).
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Pragmatics
The area of language study associated with exploring how contextual factors influence meaning.
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Embodied knowledge
Knowledge that is associated with memories of physically experiencing something, for example the sights and smells of visiting a city.
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Schema
A bundle of knowledge about a concept, person or event.
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Co-text
Other words or phrases surrounding a word in a text.
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Cooperative principle
The general principle that people work together to communicate.
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Conversational maxims
Explicit principles that provide a backdrop for conversation to take place so that speakers can easily understand one another.
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Implicature
An implied meaning that has to be inferred by a speaker as a result of one of the maxims being broken.
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Positive face need
A universal human need to feel valued and appreciated
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Negative face need
A universal need to feel independent and not be imposed upon.
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Face threatening act
A speech act that has the potential to damage someone’s self-esteem either in terms of positive or negative face.
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Politeness strategies
Distinctive ways in which speakers can choose to speak to avoid threatening face.
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Deixis
Words that are context-bound and whose meaning depends on who is using them and where and when they are being used.
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Deictic categories
Types of deictic expressions (person, spatial and temporal).
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Proximal deixis
Deictic expressions that refer to concepts, events or people close to the speaker.
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Distal deixis
Deictic expressions that refer to concepts, events or people at a distance from the speaker.
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Simple structure
Adjacency pair, which consist of two turns uttered by different speakers, one in response to the other.
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Preferred response
A fellow speaker responds in the expected manner
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Dispreferred response
A fellow speaker does not respond in the expected manner / had been ambiguous
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Insertion sequence
Additional turns added before the sequence is complete.
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Constraints
The influence of a more powerful speaker that can have an impact on the selection of turns.
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Repair
When a speaker corrects some aspect of what they have said – the error may be a grammatical one or the use of the wrong word (either by accident or by mentioning something inappropriate). Example: I really want England to lose (.) I mean win.
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Skip Connector
A word of phrase that returns the conversation to a previous topic. Example: Anyway, coming back to our original discussion.
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Ellipsis
The omission of words for economic reasons and/or because the context means that the person listening understands the shortened utterance. Example:
A: What do you want for lunch?
B: Ham sandwich (I would like, is ellipted)
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Speaker Support
Words or phrases (both verbal and non-verbal) that show attention or agreement and encourage the speaker to carry on talking. Example: Mmm, Yeah, Ok
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Dialect

Back

Specific words/phrases associated with a region, area, class or age group

Card 3

Front

Idiolect

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Vague Language

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Prosodic Features

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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