6.1 Cellular Control

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  • Created by: elbungay1
  • Created on: 30-03-19 15:19
Name some mutagenic substances
Tar in Tobacco smoke. Ionising radiation such as UV Light, X-rays and Gamma Rays
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What are the two main classes of DNA Mutation?
Point mutation (one base is substituted for another). Indel mutation (one or more nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a length of DNA. Potentially causing frameshift
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What are the three types of point mutation?
Silent (triplet still codes for the same amino acid), missense (different amino acid produced, potential significant change to protein produced) and nonsense (forms stop codon, abnormal protein degraded in cell) .
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Describe regulation of gene expression at transcriptional level in E.Coli
Lac Operon, when lactose is absent, repressor protein from Regulatory gene binds to Operator region, blocking promoter region and B-galactosidase and lactose permease not synthesised. Lactose is present, binds to repressor protein, RNA polymerase ...
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Describe regulation of gene expression at transcriptional level in eukaryotic cells
Transcription factors act within the cells nucleus to control which genes in a cell are turned on or off.
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Describe post-transcriptional gene regulation
Primary mRNA is edited to remove RNA introns. Remaining mRNA exons are joined together forming mature RNA. Endonuclease enzymes involve.
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Describe the post-translational level of gene regulation
Involves the activation of enzymes by phosphorylation. Signalling molecules bind to receptors activating a G protein, which activates enzyme adenyl cyclase which forms cAMP from ATP. cAMP can then go on to catalyse various enzyme controlled reactions
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What is the homeobox sequence
Sequence of 180 base pairs (excluding introns) found within genes that are involved in regulating patterns of anatomical development in animals, plants and fungi
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What are Hox genes
Subset of homeobox genes, found only in animals; involved in formation of anatomical features in correct locations of body plan
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How do Hox genes control body development in animals
Regulate development of embryos along the anterior posterior axis. they control which body parts grow where and any mutations can result in abnormalities. Hox genes encode homeodomain proteins that act in the nucleus as transcription factors
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Describe the events of apoptosis
Enzymes break down cell cytoskeleton, cytoplasm becomes tightly packed with organelles, membrane changes to blebs, DNA breaks into fragments, cell breaks into vesicles and ingested by phagocytic cells
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Why must the rate of apoptosis be controlled?
Signalling molecules help control apoptosis. Not enough apoptosis leads to the formation of tumours. Too much apoptosis leads to cell loss and degeneration.
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Card 2

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What are the two main classes of DNA Mutation?

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Point mutation (one base is substituted for another). Indel mutation (one or more nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a length of DNA. Potentially causing frameshift

Card 3

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What are the three types of point mutation?

Back

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Card 4

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Describe regulation of gene expression at transcriptional level in E.Coli

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Card 5

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Describe regulation of gene expression at transcriptional level in eukaryotic cells

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