6.1 Introduction to organic chemistry

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  • Created by: Dane
  • Created on: 02-02-20 11:38
What is the first reason carbon can form so many compounds
Carbon has an exceptional ability to form chains, branched chains and rings of varying size
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Secondly...
Is becuase of the inertness and unreactive nature of their C-C and C-H bonds, these bonds have relatively high enthalpies
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When carbon atoms form a chain what is the reason at least two other bonds on each carbon atom ar left free to bond with other atoms
This is because no more than two of the bonds on each carbon atom are used
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What element do carbon often form bonds with
Hydrogen, Oxygen, nitrogen and halogen atoms
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Name some compounds found in living cells
Carbohydrates, fats, protiens, nucleic acids
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How can chemists synthesise other long chain molecules
They do this by linking together thousands of small molecules to make polymers
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What are some examples of some synthetic polymers
Polyethene, PVC (Polyvinylchloride), polystyrene and nylon
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What is meant by a functional group
It is the group of atoms which gives an organic compound its characteristic properties and reactions
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What is a hydrocarbon
It is a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only
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What is a homologous series
It is a family of compounds which all contain the same functional group and each member of the series contains one -CH2- unit more than the previous member
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What is a general formula
It represents all members of a homologous series e.g. alkanes CnH2n+2 or alkenes CnH2n
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What state is ethane at room temperature
A gas
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What state is ethanol at room temperature
A liquid
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What happens when ethanol reacts with phosphorus(v) chloride
A vigorous reaction occurs forming hydrogen chloride gas which is seen as misty fumes. This is reaction happens becuase of the -OH group on the ethanol
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Why is the study of organic compounds simple
Because all molecules containing the same functional group have similar chemical properties
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To see all the different functional groups...
go to page 158
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What is an example of a compound with 2 functional groups
Lactic acid
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What is meant by the term empirical formula
It is the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound
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What is meant by the molecular formula
It shows the actual number of atoms in each element in a molecule
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What is the difference between the empirical and molecular formula
Molecular formulas tell you how many atoms of each element are in a compound, and empirical formulas tell you the simplest or most reduced ratio of elements in a compound. e.g. Molecular formula for octane C8H18 emp. C4H9
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What two methods are used to find the molecular formula
Chemical analysis and Mass spectrometry
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Go to page 161 to see the different types of arrangement of formula's
Molecular, Structural, Displayed and skeletal
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What is meant by the structural formula
It shows in minimal detail which atoms or groups of atoms ar attatched to each other in one molecule of a compound
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What is a displayed formula
A displayed formula show all the atoms and all the bonds between one molecule of a compound
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What is a skeletal formula
This shows the functional groups fully but the hydrocarbon part of a molecule simply as lines between carbon atoms omitting the symbols for carbon and hydrogen atoms
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What is the reconsed authority for naming chemical compounds
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
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Why is it useful
It makes it possible to work out the structure of a compound from its name, and to work out its name from its structure
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What is the process for naming alkanes using the IUPAC system, firstly...
Look at the longest branch and find the name of the molecule that the long branch contains
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Secondly
Identify any alkyl groups attached to the long branch
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Thirdly
Number the carbon atoms to find out which carbon atom the methly group is attatched to
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Fourthly
When numbering the carbon atoms start from the side where the methyl group is connected closest to the edge e.g. 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane
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Fifthly
When naming the compound arrange the name alphabetically
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Sixthly
When there are two or moreof the same side group add the prefix di, tri or tetra
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Name this molecule CH3CH=CHCH3
But-2-ene
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Name this molecule H2C=CH-CH=CH2
buta-1,3-diene
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Name another reason why carbon forms so many compounds
It is possible to form the same atoms together in different ways e.g. butane = 2-methylpropane which both have the molecular formula C4H10
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What is meant by the term structural isomer
They are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
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What are the three different types of structural isomers
1.) Chain isomers that have different chains of carbon atoms 2.) Position isomers that have diferent positions of the same functional group 3.) Functional isomers that have different functional groups
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What type of molecules contain double bonds
Unsaturated molecules
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What type of reaction joins a molecule to a double bond
An addition reaction
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What type of ways can a saturated molecule react
Substitution reaction or elimination reaction
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What type of reaction do saturated and unsaturated molecules go through
Hydrolysis
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What is meant by an addition reaction
It is a reaction which two molecules combine together to form a single product
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What is meant by substitution
it is a reaction which one atom or functional group is replaced bby another atom or functional group
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What is meant by the term elimination reaction
It is a type of reaction which produces an unsaturated product by loss of atoms or groups from adjacent carbon atoms
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What is meant by hydrolysis
It is a reaction in which a compound splits apart in a reaction involving water
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How do C=C double bond and Hydrogen react
They react in the presence of a platinum catalyst at room temperature, or on heating at 150 degrees celcius with a nickel catalyst
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What is meant by the term addition polymerisation
It is an addition reaction in which small molecule called monomer join together to form large molecules called polymers
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Name two examples of elimination reactions
the removal of a hydrogen halide from a halogenoalkane in alkali conditions
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Secondly...
The removal of water from an alcohol in acidic conditions to produce an alkene
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Show an example of a substitution reaction
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + HBr -> CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + H2O
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What is meant by the term mechanism
This is when compounds react by a sequence of bond breaking and forming occur which may happen in steps
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What is homolytic fission
If a covalent bond breaks each atom keeps one electron as the bond splits equally and produces fragments with unpaired electrons
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What is a free radical
It is a species with an unpaired electron
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What phase does a reaction to produce free radicals occur in
The gas phase or non polar solvents
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What can speed up the the reaction involving free radicals
Ultra-violet light
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Name some examples of free radical processes
The thermal cracking of hydrocarbons, The burning of petrol and other alkanes and the substitution reaction of alkanes wth halogens
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What does it mean when a covalent bond breaks heterolytically
One atom takes both of the electrons from the bond the other takes none often leaving a charged molecule these tend to happen between polar molecules
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What is a nucleophile
These are electron pair donors, they are negatively charged ions or molecules with a lone pair of electrons that attack positive ions or positive centres in molecules
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What is an electrophile
Electrophiles are electron pair acceptors they are positive ions or molecules with a vacant orbital that attack negative ions or negative centres in molecules
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What type of reaction involve nucleophiles
Substitution reactions
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How can chemist track what is happening to particular atoms during a chemical change
They can use isotopes as markers, by replacing atoms of the normal isotope of an element and replacing them with a different isotope. Radioactive isotopes can be tracked easily because of the radiation they give off
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Secondly...

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Is becuase of the inertness and unreactive nature of their C-C and C-H bonds, these bonds have relatively high enthalpies

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When carbon atoms form a chain what is the reason at least two other bonds on each carbon atom ar left free to bond with other atoms

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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What element do carbon often form bonds with

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Card 5

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Name some compounds found in living cells

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