5.2.3 GENE TECH

?
Define gene technology
techniques that allow the study and alteration of genes and their functions
1 of 35
What is a genome?
all the genetic material in an organism
2 of 35
Briefly outline the chain termination method
1. mixture in four separate tubes 2. tubes undergo PCR 3. DNA fragments separated by electrophoresis
3 of 35
What is the mixture that is added to the test tubes in the chain termination method?
a single stranded DNA template/ DNA polymerase - enzyme that joins them together/ lots of DNA primer - short pieces of DNA/ free nucleotides/ fluorescently labelled modified nucleotide - a different nucleotide in each tube
4 of 35
What is PCR? How is it used
Polymerase chain reaction/ produces many strands of DNA/ strands of different lengths/ each one terminates at a different point depending on where the modified nucleotide is added
5 of 35
Outline how DNA fragments are separated by electrophoresis
fragments are viewed under UV light/ complementary base sequence can be read from the gel/ smallest sequence at bottom of gel/ each band after the smallest represents one more base added/ read from bottom upwards
6 of 35
How is modern DNA sequencing carried out?
done in one tube in an automated DNA sequencer, computer can read it out
7 of 35
How can a whole genome be sequenced?
...
8 of 35
What are the pros of comparing genomes?
genome wide comparisons between individuals and between species/ understand evolutionary relationships/ DNA can illustrate how closely related/ how genes interact during development/ useful in medical research
9 of 35
What are the uses of interspecies genome comparisons?
helps trace early morning migration/ helps study of genetics and early human diseases/ helps develop medical treatments for particular genotypes
10 of 35
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA formed by joining together DNA from different sources
11 of 35
What is a transformed organism?
organisms that have has their DNA altered by genetic engineering that contain recombinant DNA
12 of 35
Outline genetic engineering
extraction of gene from one organism an inserting it into another/ transformed organisms gene will ten produce protein coded for that gene
13 of 35
What is vector DNA?
something used to transfer DNA into a cell e.g. a plasmid (small circular molecules of DNA in bacteria)/ bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
14 of 35
How is a host cell transformed?
vector place into host bacteria/ if it is a bacteriophage they will infect bacteria host by injecting DNA into it
15 of 35
Outline the heat shock method
ice cold solution to make permeable then plasmids added as heated for 1-2 mins
16 of 35
Outline the electroporation method
electric shock makes bacteria temporarily permeable to DNA
17 of 35
How do you identify transformed cells?
marker genes inserted into vectors ...
18 of 35
What are the benefits of takin up plasmids?
some microorganisms can naturally takes up plasmids/ contain useful genes/ antibiotic resistance/ microorganisms can use different nutrients/ help microorganisms invade hosts
19 of 35
Outline electrophoresis
...
20 of 35
outline how human insulin is produced
...
21 of 35
Outline the polymerase chain reaction
...
22 of 35
What is Golden Rice?
rice genetically engineered to contain gene from a maize plant and a gene from soil bacterium/ together they enable rice tp produce beta-carotene
23 of 35
Why was Golden Rice developed?
beta-carotene is required by our bodies to produce vit A/ reduce deficiency in areas where there is a shortage of dietary vitamins/ liked to over 2 million deaths a year/ blindness etc
24 of 35
Outline how golden rice is produced
...
25 of 35
What is Xenotransplantation?
the transfer of cells, tissues or organs from one species to another
26 of 35
Why is Xenotransplantation done?
hope that it can provide animal donor organs for humans/ immune rejection greater than that of transplants/ DNA must be altered so that cell surface proteins ar more similar to humans
27 of 35
Outline the ways in which Xenotransplantation can be done
...
28 of 35
What is gene therapy?
possible treatment option for genetic disorders and some cancers that involves altering defective alleles inside cells
29 of 35
What is somatic gene therapy
possible treatment option for genetic disorders and some cancers that involves altering defective genes inside body cells/ does not affect gametes so offspring could still inherit disease
30 of 35
What is germ line gene therapy
a possible cure for for genetic disorders and some cancers that involves altering defective genes inside sex cells (gametes)/ every cell of offspring is affected/ currency illegal in humans
31 of 35
What are the advantages of gene therapy?
prolong lives of people with life threatening genetic disorder/ give people with genetic disorders better quality of life/ germ could allow people to have baby wo disease/ decrease n of genetic disorders and cancers beneficial for society
32 of 35
What are the disadvantages of gene therapy?
body could identify vectors as foreign and immune response/allele inserted in the wrong place-cause cancer/ allele over expressed producing too much/ disorders caused by multiple difficult to treat/multiple treatment/hard to get into speci body cells
33 of 35
What issues are there surrounding genetic engineering?
anti biotic resistant marker genes increase resistance/GM crops exploit farmers to carry out monoculture decreasing biodiversity/xenotransplantation cause animals suffering/superweeds/genetic underclass of humans/ gene therapy issues
34 of 35
What gene therapy issues are there?
treating cosmetic effects/ very expensive/ health service resources could be better spent ion other treatment that have passed clinical trials
35 of 35

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is a genome?

Back

all the genetic material in an organism

Card 3

Front

Briefly outline the chain termination method

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the mixture that is added to the test tubes in the chain termination method?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is PCR? How is it used

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

See all Biology resources »See all DNA, genetics and evolution resources »