5.2.2 BIOTECH

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What is biotechnology?
the industrial use of living organisms (plants or living organisms) to produce food, drugs and other products
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Why are microorganisms often used in biotechnological processes?
ideal growth conditions easily created/ grow rapidly under the right conditions/ grow on a range of inexpensive materials/ all year round/ genetic modification easy/ complex processes hard for chemical means
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What are intracellular enzymes?
enzymes contained in the cells of organism
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What are isolated enzymes? what is the problem with using them?
enzymes that are not contained within cells// can become mixed in with the products of reaction, expensive to remove
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What are extracellular enzymes?
secreted naturally by microorganisms, often needing to be extracted- can be expensive
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what are immobilised enzymes? why are they used?
used instead of isolated/ attached to insoluble materials so they do not mix with the products/ more stable than than free enzymes, less likely to denature
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How are enzymes immobilised?
encapsulated in jelly like alginate beads/ trapped in silica gel matrix/ covalently bonded to cellulose or collagen fibres
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What are the advantages of using enzymes in industry?
columns are washed and reused, reduce cost of industrial reaction/ product isn't mixed - no need to extract/
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Outline the function of enzyme columns
immunised enzymes where the reactant substrate solution run through/ active sites still available to catalyse reaction but solution flowing out will only contain products
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What is a culture?
population that has been grown under controlled conditions
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What is a closed culture?
a culture which has been grown in a vessel thats isolated from the external environment
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Describe a closed culture
population of microorganisms follow a standard growth curve
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Describe a standard growth curve
...
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What are the limiting factors of growth curves?
availability of nutrients/ availability of oxygen/ presence of possibly toxic waste products
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What is a metabolite?
a substance that is formed during a metabolic reaction
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What is a primary metabolite? when are they formed?
a small molecule produced during a metabolic reaction which is essential for growth/ formed when rowing conditions are optimum (exponential)
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What is a secondary metabolite? when are they formed?
a molecule produced during a metabolic reaction which is not essential for growth but is useful in other ways/ grown when conditions are less than favourable/ help the microorganisms to survive/ some desirable in industry processes
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How do you find if a metabolite is primary or secondary?
if it is mostly produced after the main growth phase is it secondary as it isn't essential for growth
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What is the use of a fermentation vessel?
cultures of microorganisms are grown in them/ conditions are kept optimum for growth/ maximises yield of desirable products from the microorganisms
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Outline pH as a factor in fermenation vessel use
pH probe/ enzymes can work effectively/ high rate of reaction
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Outline temp as a factor in fermenation vessel use
kept at optimum by water jacket that surround the vessel/ enzymes work efficiently
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Outline oxygen supply as a factor in fermentation vessel use
optimum level for respiration/ sterile air is pumped in when needed/ organisms can always respire to provide energy for growth
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Outline nutrient concentration as a factor in fermentation vessel use
kept in contact with fresh medium by paddles that circulate medium around vessel/ needed for growth
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Outline contamination as a factor in fermentation vessel use
sterilised between uses with superheated steam to kill any unwanted organisms/ eliminates competition between organisms
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What is batch culture?
microorganism are grown in individual batches in a fermentation vessel, when one culture ends, it is removed and a new culture is grown
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Outline batch culture
closed system, fixed amounts/ goes through lag exponential stationary phase/ used when secondary metabolites want to be produced
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What are the pros and cons of batch culture?
product yield is relatively low - stopping reaction and sterilising means period of time when nothing harvested/ if contamination occurs it only affects one batch, not very expensive to discard
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What is continuous culture?
microorganisms are continuously grown in a fermentation vessel without stopping
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Outline continuous culture
growth medium flows at a steady rate/constant open supply of fresh nutrients/goes through lag phase but is kept at exponential growth phase/ product continuously taken out at steady rate/usually when primary met or micro wanted as product
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What are the pros and cons of continuous culture?
product yield is relatively high/ if culture contaminated whole lot must be discarded/ very expensive/
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Why is asepsis used in the manipulation of microorganisms?
process of preventing contamination by unwanted organisms/ can affect growth of dependent microorganisms/ in labs can give inaccurate results
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Outline some aseptic techniques
disinfecting work surfaces/ wearing gloves/ tying hair back/ sterilising equipment/ necks of cultures briefly flamed before opening causing air to move out, prevent some falling in/ pasteurisation
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What is pasteurisation? describe it
process of sterilising food/ food is heated to temp which is high to kill/ but not high enough to kill chemistry / cooled after
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What is the purpose of pasteurisation?
kills unwanted organisms that may be harmful to humans or compete with others to reduce yield/ denatures enzymes that could spoil food
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why are microorganisms often used in biotechnological processes?

Back

ideal growth conditions easily created/ grow rapidly under the right conditions/ grow on a range of inexpensive materials/ all year round/ genetic modification easy/ complex processes hard for chemical means

Card 3

Front

What are intracellular enzymes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are isolated enzymes? what is the problem with using them?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are extracellular enzymes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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