4A. DNA, RNA and Protein synthesis

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how is DNA stored?
as chromosomes. in eukaryotes long, linear DNA molecules wound around proteins (histones) and colt form compact chromosomes stored in nucleus. in prokaryotes, they're shorter and circular, supercoiling
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what has its own DNA?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts. its similar to prokaryotic DNA, circular and shorter
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what are genes?
base sequences of DNA that code for polypeptide or a functional RNA
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What is a codon?
a sequence of three DNA bases, it codes for one amino acid in a polypeptide
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what is a genome?
the complete set of genes in the cell and a cells proteomes the full range of proteins the cell can produce
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what codes for polypeptides in eukaryotes?
not nuclear DNA. only exons
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what are two types of non coding DNA is eukaryotes?
introns (within genes) and multiple repeats (between genes)
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what are alelles?
different versions of the same gene. alleles coding for same characteristics are found at same position (locus) on each chromosome in a homologusnpair
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what is mRNA?
made of a single polynucleotide strand
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what is tRNA?
made of a single polynucleotide strand folded into a clover shape
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What is transcription?
the first stage of protein synthesis and involves the production of an mRNA copy of a gene from DNA
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what happens in transcription?
DNA strands separate and the enzyme RNA polymerase lines up free RNA nucleotides and joins them to form an mRNA strand
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what does transcription result in?
in prokaryotes the direct production of mRNA from DNA. in eukaryotes produces pre mRNA
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what does pre mRNA contain?
introns. these non coding introns are removed by splicing to form mRNA - leaves only axons
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what is the second stage of protein synthesis?
transcription, amino acids joined together by ribosomes to make a polypeptide strand based on order of codons in mRNA
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what do tRNA molecules carry?
amino acids to ribosomes during translation
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what is ATP needed for?
energy for the bond formation between the amino acids and tRNA molecule to form
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what is a characteristic of the genetic code?
it is universal - same base pairs code for same amino acids in all living things. non overlapping - codons don't share triplets. degenerate - more possible combos of triplets than amino acids
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Card 2

Front

what has its own DNA?

Back

Mitochondria and chloroplasts. its similar to prokaryotic DNA, circular and shorter

Card 3

Front

what are genes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is a codon?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is a genome?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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