4.2 Biodiversity

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what is biodiversity
biodiversity is a measure of all the different plant,animal fungus and other microorganisms species worldwide, the genes they contain and the ecosystems which they form a part of
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what is habitat biodiversity
the range of habitats in which different species live is known as the habitat diversity
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what is species biodiversity
the range of organisms found in a habitat contributes to the species diversity
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what is genetic biodiversity
this is the genetic variation between individuals belonging to the same species. Genetic variation ensures we do not all look identical and creates breeds within species
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how do you use samples to measure biodiversity of a habitat
you need to observe all the species present, identify them and count how many individuals of each species there are. Too many organisms so you can take a small portion to study but make sure it is representative
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what are examples of sampling
random and non random
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how are these sampling methods carried out
random - get random number generator then use it to select coordinates with the area then go to those exact coordinates and sample
non -random: opportunistic, stratified, systematic
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what are the advantages of these sampling methods
random - ensures that the data are not biased by selective sampling
non-random: easier and quicker, ensures all different areas are sampled and species are not underrepresented, particularly useful when the habitat shows a clear gradient in some environm
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what are the disadvantages of these sampling methods
random - may not cover all areas of a habitat equally and may miss species with low presence and may underestimate the biodiversity
non-random: data may be biased and may lead to overestimate, may lead to under representation of some areas, only the spec
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how do you prepare to sample a habitat
suitable clothing
suitable footwear
apparatus needed to carry out sampling
clipboard, pen and paper to record your obs.
appropriate keys to identify plants
camera or smartphone to record specimens and grid locations
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what do you do at the site
use a range of techniques, random sampling is important but you can modify plan if not even you could combine some sampling methods, cause as little disturbance as possible and consider your effect on the environment around you
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how do you sample plants
you could use a random quadrat or a line tansect
pg 257
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how do you sample animal by observation
pg 258
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how do you catch invertebrates
pg 258-259
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How is research being carried out into disease-causing mechanisms
check page 260
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How do you measure the density of animals in a habitat
this means calculating how many animals of each species there are per unit area of the habitat
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How do you survey the frequency of plants
record the percentage cover of each plant species with large plants it is better to count the number of individuals per unit area
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What is the Simpons’s index of diversity
is a measure of the diversity of a habitat it takes into account both species richness and evenness
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How can you interpret data
a high value of simpsons index indicates a diverse habitat and a small change may affect one species and will not affect the whole habitat
a low value of simpsons index suggests a habitat dominated by a few species so a small change to the environment co
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how do you measure genetic diversity
the genetic diversity can be assessed by looking at the observable features of the individuals, if a particular feature shows variation between individuals, then it suggests there may be genetic diversity
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how do you calculate genetic diversity
genetic diversity can be estimated by calculating the number of loci in one individual that are heterozygous or you can calculate the percentage of loci in the population that have more than one allele
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how do humans have a greater effect on other species
we have learned to use the environment to our advantage
we alter ecosystems to provide ourselves with food
we destroy and fragment habitats
we are using more and more of the Earth's resources
we pollute the atmosphere
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what is agriculture
agriculture has a huge affect on the biodiversity of natural habitats. we clear natural vegetation we reduce the since of habitats and the population size and reduces genetic variation and species has less capacity to to adapt to changing conditions throu
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what is monoculture
a crop consisting of one strain of one species to increase efficiency
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what is selective breeding
it also reduces genetic diversity, because farmers select particular traits such as rapid growth or high protein content. It also leads to genetic erosion as other species may die out
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what is climate change
significant, long-lasting changes in weather patterns due to human activity
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what obstruction will there be in migration
major human developments
agricultural land
large bodies of water
mountain ranges
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what is more certain about extinction
there are more than 800 recorded extinctions since 1500
up to 20% of the species alive today will be extinct by 2030
1/3 of the world primates face extinction
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what are the ecological reasons to maintain biodiversity
the interdependence of organisms
especially keystone species which are species that have a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance
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what are genetic reasons to maintain biodiversity
pg 264
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What are the economic reasons to maintain biodiversity
regulation of the atmosphere and climate
purification and retention of fresh water
formation fertilisation of soil
recycling of nutrients
detoxification and recycling of wastes
crop pollination
growth of timber, food and fuel
discovery
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What are the aesthetic reasons to maintain biodiversity
pg 265
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what is in situ conservation
means conserving species in their natural habitat. It involves attempting to minimise human impact on the natural environment and protecting the natural environment
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what is legislation
pg 266 - no idea
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What are wildlife reserves and what principles must be chosen when choosing a wildlife reserve
areas set aside for the conservation of species or habitats and the principles are it must have comprehensiveness how many species are represented and what are the environmental conditions, Adequacy is the area large enough
representativeness is there a
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What are examples of wildlife reserves in the UK
National parks - there are 15 in the UK
National Nature Reserves - in 2014 there were nearly 400 NNR'S
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of in situ conservation
Ads - plants and animals are conserved in their natural environment, it facilitates scientific research, it allows management of these areas to ensure that ecological integrity is maintained
Dis - Endangered habitats may be fragmented, and each small ar
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what is repopulation
pg 267
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what is ex situ population
conserving an endangered species by activities that take place outside normal habitat
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What are zoos for and how do they use technology to reproduce
they use artificial insemination, in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer and freezing sperm, eggs or embryos can preserve large amounts of genetic material
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what are the advantages of ex situ
the organisms are protected from predation and poaching
the health of individuals can be monitored and medial assistance given as required
sites can be used for education
selective breeding can be carried out to increase genetic diversity
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what are the disadvantages of ex situ
a captive population is always likely to have limited genetic diversity
the correct environmental conditions may not be achieved
it may be expensive to maintain suitable environmental conditions
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What is one examples of ex situ conservation and how do they conserve endangered species
botanic gardens and seed banks pg 269
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what is CITES
the convention on international trade in Endangered species of wild Fauna and Flora is an international agreement between the majority of government in the world
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what are the aims of CITES
regulate and monitor international trade in selected species of plants and animals
ensure that international trade does not endanger the survival of populations in the world
ensure that trade in wild plants for commercial purposes is prohibited
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What is the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity
was signed by 150 governments at 1992 Rio Earth summit
conservation of biological diversity
sustainable use of components
appropriate shared access to genetic resources
appropriate sharing and transfer of scientific knowledge
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What are their aims what is the role of zoos botanic gardens and seed banks
pg 271
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What are logical conservation schemes
pg 271
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What is the countryside stewardship scheme and what are their aims
pg 271
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what is habitat biodiversity

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the range of habitats in which different species live is known as the habitat diversity

Card 3

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what is species biodiversity

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Card 4

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what is genetic biodiversity

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how do you use samples to measure biodiversity of a habitat

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