English Language Terminology

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Proper Nouns
Names of specific people, places and brands.
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Common Nouns
Concrete Nouns, Abstract Nouns and Collective Nouns.
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Concrete Nouns
Nouns you can physically touch or see.
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Abstract Nouns
Concepts, states, qualities and emotions.
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Concrete Nouns
Groups of people, animals and things.
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Plural Noun
adds 's' or 'es' - bird, birds - bus, buses.
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Constant Nouns
end in 'y' and are replaced with 'ies' - baby, babies.
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Irregular plurals
Are different from the standard pattern.
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Count Nouns
Can be counted - cat, one cat, two cats, three cats...
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Mass Nouns
Can not be counted (do not have plural) - 'information' - 'some information' not 'information's'.
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Modified Nouns
Pre-modifiers - before noun/ Post-modifiers - after noun
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Adjectives
Describe nouns, a 'beautiful' day. They can be Pre or Post modifiers.
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Comparative
compare. 'a hotter day than yesterday'. - hotter and bigger are good examples of comparatives.
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Superalative
Usually formed by adding 'est' or by putting 'more' in front of the adjective. hottest and biggest are good examples of superlative's.
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Structual Sematic - Antonyms
Words with opposite meanings that are usually used to compare. (male/female).
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Structual Sematics - Symonyms
Have similar meanings however may have different connotations (meaning not identical). Some synonyms have regional variation - 'bairn instead of child'.
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Semantics - Denotation
Definition of word - often used for instructions.
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Semantics - Connotation
Associations a word may have or emotions a word may raise. (red could mean love or anger
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Semantics - Jargon
Specialist vocabulary associated with occupation or activity.
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Semantics - Rhetorical Language - Three-part List
Three elements used in a list format to emphasis and build to a climax. - 'He came, he saw, he conquered'.
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Semantics - Rhetorical Language - Repetition
Word or phrase repeated for emphasis.
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Semantics - Rhetorical Language - Hyperbole
Using exaggeration for effect. - 'I've told you a hundred times'. Often used by media to make stories sound more important and exciting.
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Semantics - Rhetorical Language - Rhetorical Questions
Does not require an answer, phrased in a way that assumes the answer is obvious. 'How would you like to be in this position?'/
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Semantics - Implication
Meaning is suggested rather than stated. Implication 'Your Late!' real meaning 'Your in trouble or explain why your late'.
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Semantics - Ambiguity
Word, phrase or argument can be interpreted in more than one way. 'Men cant bear children could mean men cant give birth to children or men hate children.
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Structural Semantics - Semantic Fields/ lexical Fields
Groups of words that are connected in meaning - 'lesson, homework, classroom, teacher, assembly' are all parts of the Semantic Field of 'School'.
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Structural Semantics - Hypernyms
Is a general word. 'game'.
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Structural Semantics - Hyponym
Is a Specific word.'rounders, cards', 'chess'.
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Semantics - Similies
Comparisons that use 'like' or 'as' - 'she can swim like a fish'.
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Semantics - Metaphors
Comparisons that do not use 'like' or 'as' - describe a person, object or situation as though they were something else. 'there was a blanket of snow on the ground'.
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Semantics - Personification
Type of metaphor where an object or situation is given human qualities. 'The wind wailed'
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Semantics - Mentonymy
Using a part of something to describe the whole thing. the 'crown' can be used to mean the 'monarchy'.
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Semantics - Oxymoron
Brings two conflicting ideas together - bittersweet', 'living death'.
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Main Verbs
identify the action of a sentence - sings, hits.
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Auxiliary Verbs
go before the main verb and give extra information about the main verb, changing the meaning about the sentence.
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Primary Auxiliaries
three primary auxiliaries - 'do', 'have', and 'be'.
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Modal Auxiliaries
Only occur with reference to the main verb. There are nine modal auxiliaries - 'can', ' could', 'will', 'would', 'must', 'may', 'might', 'shall', 'should'.
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Active Voice
When the subject is the focus and performs the action described by the verb - 'Ahmed kicked the ball'.
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Passive Voice
Focuses on the object, the order changes so the object comes first, followed by the subject. - 'The ball was kicked by Ahmed'.
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Transitive Verbs
Followed by an object. - I 'carried' the baby.
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Intransitive Verbs
Not followed by an object, usually followed by description of place or destination - The girl 'went' to the cinema
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Adverbs
Used to modify verbs - manner, place, time, duration, frequency, degree and direction.
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Simple Sentences
Singular clause - 'The cat purred'.
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Compound Sentences
Two or more clauses - ' The cat purred and she went to sleep'.
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Complex Sentences
More than one clause yet not equally weighed - main clause and either subordinate or dependent clause - After eating five apples, i felt sick (main clause)..
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Minor Sentences
Grammatically incorrect or incomplete. 'It was late, very late'.
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Spontaneous Speech - Lexis - Vocabulary
Colloquial Expressions or Slang.
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Spontaneous Speech - Lexis - Phatic expressions
Found in speech - 'Nice Day?'.
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Spontaneous Speech - Lexis - dietic Speech
Often relate to time - 'now', 'then', 'yesterday' or 'here', 'there', 'those'.
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Spontaneous Speech - Grammar - Interrupted Constructions
abandoned - 'I think you could have - you should have told me.'
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Spontaneous Speech - Grammar - Disjointed Constructions
Not found in writing - 'he knows about computers - how to fix them'.
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Spontaneous Speech - Grammar - incomplete Constructions (Ellipsis)
Grammatical elements are missing - 'Seen Tom recently?' (not 'have you seen Tom recently').
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Spontaneous Speech - Grammar - Non-Standard Grammar
Reflects informality of speech - 'We was half an hour late'.,
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Spontaneous Speech - Non-fluency features - Fillers
little meaning yet often inserted into regular speech - 'you know', 'like', 'sort of'. Give speaker time to think informal, involve the listener.
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Spontaneous Speech - Non-fluency features - Filled Pauses
Hesitations -'um', 'er'. - If pause is silent known as unvoiced pause.
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Spontaneous Speech - Non-fluency features - Unintentional Repetition
Either of single words or several words at a time.
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Spontaneous Speech - Non-fluency features - False starts
Change of one grammatical construction to another before initial construction has been completed. - 'I think you could have - you should have told me.'
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Micropause
(.)
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Transcript
Active talk that has been recorded and written down as said.
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Three Pause Phrase
(3)
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Over Lapping Speech
||
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Sounds
[] - e.g [sound of chewing].
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Pragmatics
Reading between the lines - 'The car in front is a Toyota' - [1st meaning] - the car which is physically in front of us is a Toyota. [2nd meaning] The best car is a Toyota - advertisers already assume we know the words 'in front' imply this meaning.
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Pragmatics - Interrogative and Declarative
'Don't you think those jeans are a bit tight?' (interrogative) This could mean 'you look dreadful in them' (declarative).
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Phonology - Alliteration
Repetition of initial consonants - 'Big, *****, Blonde'.
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Phonology - Plosives
Repetition of 'P'.
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Phonology - Fricatives
Repetition of 'F'.
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Phonology - Sibilance
Repetition of 'S'.
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Phonology - Onomatopaeia
A word whose sound echoes the sound it describes - 'the bees buzzed'.
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Phonology - Rhyme
Create a sense of humour, perfection, harmony and completeness.
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Phonology - Puns
Often used in newspaper headlines - 'Duncan Disorderly'
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Phonology - Homophones
Words that sound the same but are spelt differently.
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Conjunctions
Joining words - 'and', 'but', 'so', 'although', 'however', 'if', 'unless', 'because', 'for', 'as', 'since', 'even', 'therefore', 'then'.
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Relative Pronouns
Relate or connect to nouns - 'who', 'which' and 'that'.
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Participles
Parts of as verb that help to form tenses - they often end in 'ing'.
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Compounding
Joining two separate words to form a new word - 'laptop', 'girlfriend'.
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Blending
Merging two words together - the beginning of one word and the ending of another (channel + tunnel = chunnel).
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Acronyms
New words are formed from the initial letters of other words - 'radar' - radio detection and ranging.
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Clipping
Words with more than one syllable are reduced or 'clipped' to a shorter form - 'chimp(anzee)'
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Back formation
A word of one type usually a noun, is reduced to form another word of a different type, usually a verb for example edit from editor.
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Derivations
New words are made by adding prefixes and suffixes to existing words - unlawful, antiperspirant.
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Eponyms
Small class of words taken from the name of their inventor - hoover, leotard
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Conversions
A change in the function of a word ; I butter the toast; he bottled it
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Coinage
Invention of a totally new term, is said to be 'coined' - very few words are formed from nowhere - nylon
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Borrowing
Taking words from other languages - croissant, pianno, youghurt, chic -these words become known as loan words.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Common Nouns

Back

Concrete Nouns, Abstract Nouns and Collective Nouns.

Card 3

Front

Concrete Nouns

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Abstract Nouns

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Concrete Nouns

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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