4:1 enzyme action

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  • Created by: Vicky.xvx
  • Created on: 12-01-18 16:52
what is an enzyme?
a biological catalyst
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what type of protein is an enzyme?
globular protein
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what structure has an enzyme got?
tertiary structure
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what are the chemical reactions for growth in the body called? what are they catalysed by?
its an anabolic reaction, catalysed by enzymes
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what is the metabolism?
the sum of all the different reactions and reaction pathways happening in a cell or organism
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what is the "Vmax"?
the maximum initial velocity/rate of the enzyme-catalysed reaction
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what are the four factors affecting the rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions?
temperature, pressure, ph, and substrate/enzyme concentration
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whats the word equation for the lock and key hypothesis?
enzyme+substrate -> enzyme substrate complex -> enzyme+products
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what is the active site?
an area within the tertiary structure of the enzyme that has a shape that is complimentary to the shape of a specific substrate molecule.
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what is the lock and key hypothesis?
only a specific substrate will fit into the active site of an enzyme
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when is an enzyme-substrate formed?
when the substrate is bound to the active site
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when the substrate reacts in the lock and key hypothesis what are the products formed in?
enzyme-product complex
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in the lock and key hypothesis what happens to the enzyme once the products have been released?
the enzyme is unchanged and able to take part in future reactions
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in the lock and key hypothesis what part of the active site forms temporary bonds with the substrate? what does this help to do?
the enzymes R-group, these temporary bonds put strain onto the bonds within the substrate, helping the reaction along
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what is the induced-fit hypothesis?
a modified version of the lock and key hypothesis it suggests that the active sit of the enzyme slightly changes shape as the substrate enters
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in the induced-fit hypothesis what do the weak interactions between the enzyme and the substrate induce?
they rapidly induce changes in the enzymes tertiary structure that strengthen the binding, putting strain on the substrate molecule.
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in the induced-fit hypothesis what are the effects of putting strain on the substrate?
it can weaken particular bonds in the substrate, lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur
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does the substrate have the SAME shaped active site to the enzyme or a COMPLIMENTARY one?
the substrate should be described as having a complimentary shape to the enzyme's active site
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what are the two things enzymes have an essential role in?
the structure + function of cells and whole organisms
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give one example of the synthesis of polymers to monomers that require enzymes?
making polysaccharides from glucose
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what are enzymes that act within cells called?
intracellular enzymes
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why is hydrogen peroxide a problem in both plant and animal tissues?
its a toxic product in many metabolic pathways
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whats the word equation for catalase?
hydrogen peroxide -> oxygen+water
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how do enzymes help to reduce the amount of activation energy required for a reaction?
they help the molecules collide successfully
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what are substrates?
raw materials
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how are substates supplied to the cell?
through nutrients in the diet/environment of the organism
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what are nutrients?
components necessary for survival and growth
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what form are nutrients often in?
they are in the form of polymers such as proteins and polysaccharides
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why do nutrients have to be broken down in order to enter the cell?
they're too large to enter directly through the cell-surface membrane
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what are enzymes that act outside of the cell that made them called?
extracellular enzymes
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give one example of a organism whose extracellular enzymes work outside of the body
fungus
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where are extracellular enzymes released from single celled organisms such as bacteria and yeast go?
into the single celled organisms immediate environment
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what do extracellular enzymes released from single celled organisms such as bacteria and yeast do?
they break down larger molecules such as proteins producing smaller molecules such as amino acids and glucose. these are then absorbed by the cell
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name two extracellular enzymes are found in the digestive system?
amylase and trypsin
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what do extracellular enzymes do in the digestive system?
they break down large molecules so they can be absorbed into the blood stream. the substrates are then transported around the body and can be used in cellular reactions
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where does the digestion of starch start and continue?
it starts in the mouth and continues in the small intestine
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in the two steps needed to digest starch, how many enzymes are involved and why?
two types of enzymes are needed because because each enzyme catalyses one specific reaction
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in the first step of breaking down starch what enzyme is involved?
amylase
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where is amylase produced?
it is produced in the pancreas and salivary glands
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give the word equation for the first step of the digestion of starch
starch+amylase -> maltose
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what type of saccharine is maltose?
a disaccharide
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in the second step of breaking down starch what enzyme is involved?
maltase
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give the word equation for the second stage of digesting starch?
maltose+maltase -> glucose
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what type of saccharine is glucose?
a monosaccharide
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where is maltase found?
the small intestine
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why is starch broken down into glucose?
because its small enough o be absorbed by the cells lining the digestive system, this means that it is subsequently absorbed into the blood stream
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what type of enzyme is trypsin?
protease
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give the word equation for a protease enzyme
protein+protease -> a smaller peptide ... smaller peptide+other protease -> amino acid
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where is trypsin produced and where is it released to?
its produced in the pancreas and released with the pancreatic juice into the small intestine where it acts on proteins
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what is the process of breaking down proteins?
trypsin is released in the pancreatic juice and goes into the small intestine, it is first broken down into smaller peptides and then into amino acids, tase are then absorbed by the cells lining the digestive system and blood stream
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

globular protein

Back

what type of protein is an enzyme?

Card 3

Front

tertiary structure

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

its an anabolic reaction, catalysed by enzymes

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

the sum of all the different reactions and reaction pathways happening in a cell or organism

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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