4.1 Communicable Diseases

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what is a pathogen
it a microorganism that causes disease
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what is bacteria and what diseases do they cause
they belong to the prokaryote kingdom. Their cells are similar to eukaryotic cells, but they can reproduce rapidly, can cause tuberculosis, bacterial meningitis and ring rot
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what is fungi and what diseases does it cause
pathogen that causes diseases by growing under the skin or releasing hyphae. It causes black sigatoka, ring worm and athletes foot
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what is a virus
viruses invade cells and take over the genetic machinery and their organelles of the cell. it causes HIV/AIDS, inflenza, tabacco mosaic virus
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what is a protoctista
they cause harm by entering the host cells and feeding on the contents as they grow. It causes blight and malaria
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what are examples of different types of diseases
table on 229
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what is the life cycle of a pathogen
travels from one host to another
enters host tissue
reproducing
leaves the host's tissues
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what are the different types of transmissions
direct transmission and indirect transmission
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how does a vector transmit between plants
spores or bacteria may attach to the burrowing insect such as a beetle which attacks an infected plant
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how do plant pathogens transmit between plants
plant pathogens can also spread directly, many are present in soil and will infect plants by entering roots
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hoes does climate affect disease
many protoctista, bacteria, and fungi can grow and reproduce more rapidly in warm and moist conditions and then tend to be more common
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what is a passive defence
these are defences present before infection, and their role is to prevent the entry and spread of pathogens
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what is are physical defences in plants
they include; the cellulose cell wall, lignin thickening, waxy cuticles, Bark, stomatal closure, callose and tylose formation
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what are chemical defences in plants
there are many chemicals that have anti-pathogenic properties such as terpenoids, phenols alkaloids and hydrolytic enzymes
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what are active defences in plants give an example
cell wall becomes thickened, deposition of callose, oxidative bursts that produce highly reactive oxygen molecules and increase in production of chemicals
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What are the primary defences of humans in the non-specific response
the skin, blood clotting and skin repair, mucous membranes, coughing, sneezing, eyes protected by antibodies, ear wax, inflammation
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What are opsonins
opsonins are protein molecule that attach to the antigens on the surface of a pathogen. they are a type of antibody and some are not very specific, they enhance the ability of phagocytic calls to blind and engulf the pathogen
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what are phagocytes
the first line of defence of secondary defence is phagacytosis. specialised cell sin the blood and tissue fluid engulf and digest the pathogens
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what are neutrophils
a type of white blood cell that engulfs foreign matter and traps it in a large vacuole which fuses with lysosomes to digest the foreign matter
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what are macrophages
are larger cells manufactured in the bone marrow. They travel in the blood as monocytes they play an important role in initiating the specific response and can becomes antigen presenting cell
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what does antigen presentation mean
these cells move around the body where it can come into contact with specific cells that can activate the full immune response.
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what is active immunity
it involves antigen presentation and the specific immune response
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what is the definition of the specific immune response
activation of specific B and T cells is clonal selection which leads to a series of events that leads to production of antibodies to combat the pathogen
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What cells are produced in the immune response and what are their functions
T helper cells
T killer cells
T memory cells
T regulatory cells
plasma cells
B memory cells
interleukins
cytokines
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what is cell signalling
in order to carry out the specific immune response involves the coordinated action and communication of different cells
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what is an autoimmune disease
this is when antibodies start to attack our own antigens
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what are examples of autoimmune diseases
Arthiritis is a painful inflammation of the joints and Lupus
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what is the process of the specific immune response
the specific immune response starts with activation which is the clonal selection of the correct B and T Lymphocytes which is stimulated by monokines and interleukins, then clonal expansion occurs which is where the correct lymphocytes increase in number.
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what are antigens and antibodies
specific proteins released by plasma cell that can attach to pathogenic cells and antigens are molecules that stimulate an immune response and have a shape complementary to the specific antibodies
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what is the structure of an antibody
the antibody molecule is 'Y' shaped and have two distinct regions. They consist of 4 polypeptide chains; the light polypeptide and the heavy polypeptide chain.
There are disulfide bridges which hold the chains together and there is a hinge region to allo
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What are the different types of antibodies and how do they work
opsonins which help to bring about phagocytosis
agglutanins - which causes pathogens to stick together - makes phagocytosis easier
anti-toxins
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Describe and explain a graph about the primary and secondary response to infections
pg 243
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what is a vaccination
provides immunity to specific diseases, by deliberately exposes people to antigenic material that has been rendered harmless.
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What are the different types of vaccination programmes
herd vaccination - to use vaccines to immunise almost or all of the population at risk to achieve this at least or or than 80-85% of the population needs to be vaccinated for measles it was 95%
ring vaccination where we vaccinate all the people in the imm
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how are epidemics controlled
pg 244
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what is the influenza virus
pg 245
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What are different types of immunity and how do we define and separate them
natural and active and within these there is artificial and natural
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how are new medicines sourced
accidental discovery, traditional remedies, observation of wildlife, further plant research
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how was penicillin discovered
discovered by Alexander Fleming and was discovered by accident. the compound Penicillium releases compounds that kill bacteria
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what are some examples traditional remedies
Morphine has its origins in the use of from urine poppy seeds heads as long ago as Neolithic times. Medical use of willow bark extract to relieve pain and fever and led to the development of aspirin and ibuprofen
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what is wrong with antibiotic abuse
MRSA
this makes some bacteria resistant to some antibiotics which makes it ineffective
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what is synthetic biology
the re-engineering of biology. This could be the production of new molecules that mimic natural processes, or the use of natural molecules to produce new biological systems that do not exist nature
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How is research being carried out into disease-causing mechanisms
the research into the HIV - pg 247
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how is medicine personalised
the development of designer medicines for individuals using sequencing technology and molecular modelling
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why are new drugs needed
new diseases are emerging, there are still many diseases which there are no effective treatments for and some antibiotic treatments are becoming less effective
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what forms do antigenic material take in vaccines
who live microorganisms - ones that are not harmful as the real disease but has similar antigens
harmless or attenuated (weakened)
a dead pathogen
a preparation of the antigens from a pathogen
a toxoid which is a harmless version of a toxin
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what are other factors that affect transmission including social factors
overcrowding
poor ventilation
poor health
poor diet
homelessness
living or working with people who have migrated from areas where a disease
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what is bacteria and what diseases do they cause

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they belong to the prokaryote kingdom. Their cells are similar to eukaryotic cells, but they can reproduce rapidly, can cause tuberculosis, bacterial meningitis and ring rot

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what is fungi and what diseases does it cause

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what is a virus

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what is a protoctista

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