4.1 Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons

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  • Created by: elbungay1
  • Created on: 25-03-19 09:19
What is the definition of a homologous series?
Families of organic chemicals, where each substance has the same function group and successive members only differ by a CH2 unit
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What are aliphatic saturated hydrogcarbons?
Alkanes, straight chained Contain only carbon and hydrogen and joined by single covalent bonds
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What is the difference between an alicyclic and an aromatic compound?
Alicyclic is a hydrocarbin with carbon atoms joined in a ring whereas aromatic hydrocarbons contain at least one benzene molecule
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What is a functional group?
A group of atoms that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a compound
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What are unsaturated molecles?
Organic chemicals that contain at least one carbon-carbon double covalent bond
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What are structural isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but a different structural formulae
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What are stereoisomers?
Organic molecules with the same molecular formula and structural formula but having a different arrangement of atoms in space
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What is E/Z isomerism?
A type of steroisomerism caused by the restricted rotation around the double bond - two different groups are attached to both carbons of the C=C double bond
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How is Cis-trans isomerism similar to E/Z isomerism?
Cis-trans isomerism is a type of isomerism in which the two substituent groups attached to both carbon atoms are the same
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What is the difference between homolytic and heterolytic fission?
Homolytic fission is where the covalent bond breaks and eahc electron goes to a different bonded atom, generated radicals. Heterolytic fission occur when both electrons go to one bonded atom forming a cation and an anion
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How does branching affect the boiling point of alkanes?
The more branched an alkane is, teh fewer surface are interactions there are between molecule as molecules can't fit together. therefore they have fewer London forces leading to a lower boiling point
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What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion reactions?
Complete combustion forms CO2 and H2O as products, occurs in plentiful oxygen. Incomplete combustion can form a mixture of CO2, CO, C and H2O, occurs in limited oxygen (car engine)
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What are the three stages of radical substitution?
Initiation - formation of radicals. Propagation - two repeated steps to buildup desired product in side reaction. Termination - two radical collide and make a stable product
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Alkenes undergo what type of reaction mechanism?
Electrophilic Addition
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Describe Hydrogenation of Alkenes
Addititon of hydrogen across the double bond, produces an alkane. Requires H2, nickel catalyst and 150°
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Describe a test for unsaturation in a molecule
Using bromine water, the orange solution turns colourless as Br2 is added cross the C=C double bond.
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Describe the Hydration of Alkenes
Addition reaction between gaseous alkene and steam to produce alcohols. Condition involve 300°C, 65atm and H3PO4 catalyst
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What is Markownikoff's rule?
When H-X is added to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrigen becomes attached to the carbon with the most hydrogens to start with. This forms the major product.
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What is a repeating unit in polymerisation?
Specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in a structure over and over again
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In what ways a polymer plastic disposed of?
Landfill, combustion (potbetially to generate electricity), reuaing, recycling and using as organic feedstock
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What are biodegradable and Photodegradable polymers?
Bio - plastcis that can be attakced by microorganisms and enviromental conditions so that they can break down chemically to harmless or useful substances. Photo - break down using wavelengths similar to light.
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Card 2

Front

What are aliphatic saturated hydrogcarbons?

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Alkanes, straight chained Contain only carbon and hydrogen and joined by single covalent bonds

Card 3

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What is the difference between an alicyclic and an aromatic compound?

Back

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Card 4

Front

What is a functional group?

Back

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Card 5

Front

What are unsaturated molecles?

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