3BDS: Resp medicine 1

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what are the 3 disturbances in the respiratory system and briefly explain each one
transfer of oxygen:O2 and co2 across alveolar membrane. Happens in interstitial lung disease and diseases affecting the alveoli or the smaller air ways.

ventilation of lungs:Problem with air passage into the smaller air ways of the lungs where gas transf
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what are the respiratory symptoms?
- Breathlessness (dyspnoea) and therefore fatigue
Caused by one of the 3 main disturbances in gas transfer. In ventilation or perfusion. Not enough gas transfer= shortness of breath. Makes people tired.

- Wheeze
Caused by narrowing of airways. In asthm
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what is pneumonia and what are the different types?
Infection of the lungs

Community acquired
Hospital acquired
Aspiration pneumonia (oral content aspirated into the lungs)
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what are the symptoms of pneumonia?
- Cough (because infection in airways), sputum production. (green/yellow), sometimes haemoptysis (blood in sputum. Coughing up blood), pleuritic chest pain (pain on deep inspiration/ coughing), breathlessness, fever, sweats, rigors, malaise
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give some examples of micro-organisms which cause pneumonia?
streptococcus pneumonia
haemophillus influenzae
mycoplasma penumoniae
viral causes
gram -ve in aspiration pneumonia such as klebsiella pneumoniae
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what is the management for pneumonia
 ABCDE approach
 Hospital or home Rx (CRB65 score to stratify risk of pneumonia)
 Antibiotics guided by local antibiotic formulary
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what does CRB-65 stand for
confusion
respiratory rate >30/min
blood pressure (SBP<90 or DBP <60)
Age >65
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what is obstructive sleep apnoea
- Breathing stops and starts during sleep due to obstruction of pharynx. Sleep interrupted many times during the night. Tissues of the pharynx become floppier. Tongue slips back and tissues around the pharynx just get occluded.
- Unrefreshing sleep, heada
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what are the risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea
male>female, overweight or obese, small airway, small lower jaw, large tonsils
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what is the management for OSA
- Weight management
- Continuous positive airway pressure
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What is pneumothorax
(air in the thorax)
-when lung lining punctures and air from the lungs escapes into pleural space
- spontaneous vs traumatic (chest trauma and rips puncture the thorax etc)
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what is tension pneumothorax
The air which has escaped into the pleural chest is under high pressure and collapses that lung and all that mediastinum can shift and it can result in cardiac arrest. Emergency and rapid decompression
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what are the symptoms for pneumothorax
• Breathlessness
• Pleuritic chest pain
• If tension pneumothorax, may cause collapse and cardiac arrest
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what is the management of pneumothorax
 Admission for assessment
 May need chest drain to allow lung reinflation
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what is interstitial lung disease
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the alveoli and the airways.
Can lead to lung scarring and fibrosis. Poorly compliant and bad at gas transfer.
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examples of interstitial lung disease
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, extrinsic allergic alveolitis
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symptoms of interstitial lung disease
- Breathlessness, often progressive
- Cough
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what is cystic fibrosis
Autosomal recessive genetic disease with multiple systems affected

Faulty Cl- channel. Flow of salt and water in the body’s cells- across mucous membrane is impaired resulting in thick viscous secretions in the lungs. And the lungs gets blocked up with t
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what are the symptoms?
- Wheezing, shortness of breath, frequent chest infections, abnormal bowel movements, difficulty gaining weight (for men- infertility)
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what are the treatment options for cystic fibrosis?
- Antibiotics to fight the infections
- Physiotherapy to help remove the mucous that builds up
- Enzymes capsules
- Special high fat diet for the body to get all the nutrients needed
- Drugs to thin the mucous
- Lung transplant if conventional treatment
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what is pulmonary embolus and DVT
Often due to thrombus in deep veins of leg. Thrombus then dislodges and migrates as an embolus through the venous system to the lung- in the pulmonary arteries which stops blood from getting through the pulmonary system and so gas exchange is impaired bec
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What are the symptoms and signs for pulmonary embolus and DVT
breathlessness (sudden and acute because the embolus is pinged off and lodged in the lungs.
Cough
Haemoptosis
Pleuritic chest pains after a few days
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What is the treatment for pulmonary embolus and DVT?
anticoagulation
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What are the dental aspects in regard to someone who has pulmonary embolus and DVT?
• As with COPD+ asthma or any conditions from above (any patient who is breathless may find lying flat uncomfortable)
• If patients have had DVT or PE then they may be anticoagulated- NOAC or warfarin
• Care required with sedation in people with chronic
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what are the respiratory symptoms?

Back

- Breathlessness (dyspnoea) and therefore fatigue
Caused by one of the 3 main disturbances in gas transfer. In ventilation or perfusion. Not enough gas transfer= shortness of breath. Makes people tired.

- Wheeze
Caused by narrowing of airways. In asthm

Card 3

Front

what is pneumonia and what are the different types?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are the symptoms of pneumonia?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

give some examples of micro-organisms which cause pneumonia?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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