Cell division that produces two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and each other
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Give a basic description of meiosis
Cell division that produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
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What is the process that precedes mitosis where the cell is not dividing called?
Interphase
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What happens during interphase?
The DNA is replicated and remain joined at the centromere
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What is the first stage of mitosis?
Prophase
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What happens during prophase?
Chromosomes become visible, they are long thin threads that become shorter and thicker. The centrioles move to the poles of the cell and develop spindle fibres that span the cell from pole to pole
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What evidence is there that centrioles are not essential to the development of a spindle apparatus?
Plants do not have centrioles but still develop spindle fibres
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What happens at the end of prophase?
The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down, leaving the chromosomes free in the cytoplasm of the cell. They are drawn towards the equator of the cell by the spindle fibres attached to the centromere
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What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes are seen to be made up of two chromatids. Each chromatid is an identical copy of DNA from the parent cell and are joined by the centromere. Microtubules from the poles are attached to this.
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Where and how do the chromosomes arrange themselves?
They are pulled along the spindle apparatus and arrange themselves across the equator of the cell
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What happens during anaphase?
Centromeres divide into two and the spindle fibres pull the individual chromatids making up the chromosomes apart. They move to their respective opposite poles and are now referred to as chromosomes.
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What provides the energy for this?
The mitochondria, which gather around the spindle fibres
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What happens if cells are treated with chemicals that destroy the spindle?
The chromosomes remain at the equator, unable to reach the poles of the cell
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What happens during telophase?
Chromosomes reach their respective poles and become longer and thinner, finally disappearing altogether, leaving only wide spread chromatin. The spindle fibres disintegrate and the nuclear envelope reforms.
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What is cytokinesis?
This is when the cytoplasm divides
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What are the first two steps of binary fission?
The circular DNA molecules replicates and both copies attach to the cell membrane. The plasmids also replicate
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What is the third step of binary fission?
The cell membrane begins to grow between the two DNA molecules and begins to pinch inwards, dividing the cytoplasm into two
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What is the final step of binary fission?
A new cell wall forms between the two molecules of DNA, dividing the original cell into two identical daughter cells, each with a copy of the circular DNA and a variable number of copies of the plasmids
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How do viruses replicate?
They have to attach to a host cell and inject their nucleic acid into it. the genetic information then provides instructions for the host cell's metabolic processes to start producing the viral components which are assembled into a new virus
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How do they attach to the host cell?
With the attachment proteins on the host cell's surface
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Give a basic description of meiosis
Back
Cell division that produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
Card 3
Front
What is the process that precedes mitosis where the cell is not dividing called?
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