3.2 Transport in Animals
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- Created by: vickieboadi
- Created on: 19-11-20 09:34
what are the three main factors that influence the need for a transport system
size, SA:Vol, level of metabolic activity
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how does size, surface area, level of metabolic activity play a part in the transport in animals
explained in 3.1
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what are the features of a good transport system
a fluid or medium to carry nutrients
a pump to create pressure that will push fluid around - the heart
exchange surface - to allow substance to enter and leave the blood
for and efficient - tubes or vessels to carry blood by mass flow
tow circuits - o
a pump to create pressure that will push fluid around - the heart
exchange surface - to allow substance to enter and leave the blood
for and efficient - tubes or vessels to carry blood by mass flow
tow circuits - o
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what is the definition of a single circulatory system
one in which the blood flows through the heart one for each circuit of the body
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what is a double circulatory system
one in which the blood flows through the heart twice for each circuit of the body once circuit carries blood to the lungs to pick O2 and the other delivers O2 and nutrients to the body tissues
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what is an open circulatory system
this tis where the blood is not held in vessels instead, the blood fluid circulates through the body cavity so that the tissues and cells are bathed directly in blood
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What are the disadvantages of an open circulatory system
blood pressure is low and blood flow is slow
circulation of blood may be affected by body movement or lack of body movements
circulation of blood may be affected by body movement or lack of body movements
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What advantages does a closed circulatory system have over an open circulatory system
higher pressure - blood flows more quickly
more rapid delivery of O2 and nutrients
more rapid removal of CO2 and other wastes
transport is independent of body movements
more rapid delivery of O2 and nutrients
more rapid removal of CO2 and other wastes
transport is independent of body movements
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What are the main blood vessels in the mammalian circulatory system
arteries, veins, capillaries
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How are the arteries adapted to transport blood
the lumen is small to maintain the higher pressure
inner layer consists of elastic tissues to allow the wall to stretch and then recoil to maintain blood pressure
middle layer consists of a thick layer of smooth muscle
outer layer is a relatively thick
inner layer consists of elastic tissues to allow the wall to stretch and then recoil to maintain blood pressure
middle layer consists of a thick layer of smooth muscle
outer layer is a relatively thick
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What are the functions of arterioles
small blood vessels that distribute the blood from an artery to the capillaries. contains a layer of smooth muscle and can constrict to increase the resistance to reduce the rate of flow of blood
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How are capillaries adapted for its function
have very thin walls
the lumen is very narrow - same diameter as a RBC which helps with the transfer of oxygen and reduces diffusion path
the wall consist of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells, this reduces the diffusion distance
the wall ar
the lumen is very narrow - same diameter as a RBC which helps with the transfer of oxygen and reduces diffusion path
the wall consist of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells, this reduces the diffusion distance
the wall ar
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How are the veins adapted for its function
the lumen is relatively large, in order to ease the flow of blood
the walls have thinner layers of collagen, smooth muscle and elastic than artery as they do not need to stretch and recoil
they contain valves to help the blood blow back to the art and p
the walls have thinner layers of collagen, smooth muscle and elastic than artery as they do not need to stretch and recoil
they contain valves to help the blood blow back to the art and p
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What are the functions of venules
small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and lead into veins - consists of thin layer of muscle and elastic tissue outside the endothelium and a thin layer of collagen
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How does tissue fluid form
pg 190
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what is blood
a fluid used to transport material around the body
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what is tissue fluid
a fluid surrounding cells and tissues
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what does plasma contain
oxygen, carbon dioxide, minerals, glucose, amino acids, hormones, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma proteins
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what happens to the tissue that does not re-enter the blood
some is directed is into another tubular system the lymph system or lymphatic
this drains excess tissue fluid and returns it to the blood system
the fluid in the lymphatic system is called the lymph
this drains excess tissue fluid and returns it to the blood system
the fluid in the lymphatic system is called the lymph
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what are the external features of the heart
cardiac muscle, two main pumping chambers - the ventricles and atria
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what are the internal features of the heart
deoxygenated blood from the body flows thrugh the vena cava in right atrium, oxygenated blood from the lungs flows through the pulmonary vein in left atrium, atrioventricular valves, tendinous cords, septum, aorta, pulmonary artery and semilunar valves
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label a heart
pg 192
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what is the blood pressure in the different parts of the heart
pg 193
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what is the cardiac cycle
the sequence of events in one full heart beat
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what are the actions of the valves in the cardiac cycle
the valves ensure that blood flows in the right direction. they are opened and closed by changes in the blood pressure in the various chambers of the heart
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what part do the atrioventricular valves play in the cardiac cycle
pg 194
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what is the role of the semilunar valves in the cardiac cycle
pg 194
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how does the pressure change in the heart chambers
pg 195
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explain the pressure in the blood vessels
pg 195
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what is the heart described as and why
it is described myogenic as it can initiate its own contraction
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what generates the electrical activity
the sino-atrial node (SAN) also known as the pacemaker
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what happens after the wave of excitation
the atria contract
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how does the atria contract after the wave of excitation
the wave of excitation speaks over the two atria, it travels along the membranes of muscle tissue, as the wave of excitation passes, it causes the cardiac muscles to contract
this is an atrial systole
this is an atrial systole
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what happens after the contraction of the atria
after a short delay, wave of excitation carried away by AVN down purkyne tissue, runs down the interventricular septum, at base of septum, the wave speaks over wall of ventricles, excitations spread upwards from the apex of ventricles causes muscles to co
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what is an electrocardiogram
a trace that records the electrical activity of the heart
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label an ECG
pg 197
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what is haemoglobin
a red pigment that is used to transport oxygen in the blood
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what does affinity mean in terms of oxygen
it means the haem has a strong attraction for oxygen
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how is oxygen transported
40oxygen is diffused into blood plasma, and it then becomes associated with the haemoglobin and binds reversibly to haemoglobin. this take O2 out of the solution so maintains a steep concentration gradient
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what is the role of haemoglobin
it transports oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin and carbon dioxide to form carbaminohaemoglobin.
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how does hydrogen carbonate ions form in the blood
CO2 diffuses from body cell to RBC's and combines with water (carbonic anhydrase- enzyme) to form carbonic acid and then the carbonic acid dissocaites and hydrogacaron ion diffuse out RBC, haemoglobin acid is formed, chloride shift to maintain charge in R
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What effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration have on transportation of oxygen
the bohr effect - pg 201
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what is the bohr effect
increase in the conc. of CO2.
CO2 enters the RBC forming carbonic acid which dissociates and releases H+
these affect the pH of cytoplasm it is more acidic
changes in pH affect the tertiary structure of haemoglobin reduces affinity of haemoglobin to O2
CO2 enters the RBC forming carbonic acid which dissociates and releases H+
these affect the pH of cytoplasm it is more acidic
changes in pH affect the tertiary structure of haemoglobin reduces affinity of haemoglobin to O2
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what is the chloride shift
the movement of chloride ions in the erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrocarbonates ions leave the cell
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what is disassociation
means the releasing the oxygen from the oxyhaemoglobin
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what does wave P show
the excitation of the atria
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what does the QRS show
the excitation of the ventricles
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what does T show
it show diastole
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what is Purkyne tissue
consists of specially adapted muscle fibres that conduct the wave of excitation from the AVN down the septum to ventricles
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what is the function of arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure (except the pulmonary artery)
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what is the function of veins
carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart at low pressure (except the pulmonary vein)
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what are the advantages of double circulatory system over a single circulatory system
pg 187
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
how does size, surface area, level of metabolic activity play a part in the transport in animals
Back
explained in 3.1
Card 3
Front
what are the features of a good transport system
Back
Card 4
Front
what is the definition of a single circulatory system
Back
Card 5
Front
what is a double circulatory system
Back
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