3.2 research methods

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  • Created by: martina
  • Created on: 07-10-19 21:03
describe what all scientific experiments share
A. Hypothesis (what you think the results will show) B. Methodology (how an experiment is conducted) C. Experimental / participant design D. Participants (people) or animals E. Variables (dependent and independent) F. Controls G. Results H. Ethics
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define Hypothesis
what you think the results will show
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define methology
how an experiment is conducted
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define experimental
participant design
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define variables
dependent and independent
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describe what an experiment, prediction and a statement is
hypothesis
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define testable statement of what the researchers predict will be the outcome of the study.
Start with a research question: your general area of interest 2. Turn it into a hypothesis: a more specific prediction of what you expect 3. Test the hypothesis against empirical (physical) facts 4. Use the results to inform a scientific theory 5. Ge
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describe how a hypothesis proposes a relationship between two variables …
how the independent variable (what the researcher changes) affects the dependent variable (what the research measures).
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name two main types of hypothesis:
null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
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what does an alternative hypothesis predict
what the researchers expect (or hope) will happen.
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what is the alternative hypothesis known as
its known as experimental hypothesis
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Alternative (experimental) hypothesis:
An alternative hypothesis predicts what the researchers expect (or hope) will happen. In an experiment, the alternative hypothesis is known as an experimental hypothesis
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Null hypothesis:
The null hypothesis predicts that the research will not find what is being looked for. In science, a scientist should not try to prove their alternative hypothesis: they should try to disprove their null hypothesis. If the null hypothesis is disprove
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If a theory cannot make a clear prediction, or if evidence is mixed, the investigation needs a
I non-directional hypothesis (two tailed). This states that a difference or relationship will be found, but it does not state what that difference or relationship will be. E.g gender will affect information recall.
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define A directional hypothesis (one-tailed hypothesis)
a one-tailed directional hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. E.g.: Girls will correctly recall more words than boys.
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The null hypothesis states that
the results will fail to show any difference or relationship. E.g.: There will be no difference in how many numbers are correctly recalled by different genders.
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define Operationalising the Hypothesis
phrasing things to make it clear how your variables are manipulated or measured • tells the reader how the main concepts were put into effect • makes it clear how quantitative data is collected
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give an example of this
For example: Not "intelligence" but "score on a IQ test" Not "memory" but "number of items recalled" Not "age" but "under-16s" and "over-45s" Not "role models" but "aggressive role models" and "nonaggressive role models
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Methodology refers to
how psychology works, including how data is gathered. It involves considering ‘how do we know’?
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The word methodology is
an umbrella term used to describe any system of methods, collection of principles and rules of a procedure:
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The methodology of a study outlines
the process behind the methods of collecting data."
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In regards to psychology experiments, methodology is the
method(s) you use to manage the experiment such that your hypothesis is accurately tested and reliable results obtained.
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what method(s) would you use to manage the phsycology experiment so that your hypothesis is accurately tested and reliable results obtained.
Experiment • Case Study • Observations • Etc.
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describe how Experimental design is the way that participants are used in different conditions in an experiment
they may do all conditions or different participants may do each condition.
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define experimental designs for independent study groups
diffferent participants take part in each condition of the study e.g one group studies with a tv and one doesnt
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define experimental designs for repeated measures
the same participants take part in two different conditions e.g studying for one test with tv , oe without tv
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define experimental designs for matched pairs
participants are matched e.g two students with similar scores on earlier tests and one takes part in each condition
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define the method used when participants are matched e.g two students with similar scores on earlier tests
Experimental Design
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define when a study uses independent measures design,
different participants are used in each condition of the independent variable.
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whats this called
Independent Measures:
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what measures are used if the study is such that if the participants were used in condition A, then it would affect their responses in condition B:
Independent measures
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when would you have to use independent measures.
If you were researching whether or not seeing a prompting image before an ambiguous illusion affected what was seen in the illusion,
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This is because
having seen the illusion once already will affect their perception when seeing the illusion a second time
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Repeated Measures:
The same participants take part in each condition of the independent variable. This means that each condition of the experiment includes the same group of participants.
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the method of Repeated Measures is useful when
you want to track changes over time or if experiencing condition A does not affect your response to condition B
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you could use repeated measures.when
you want to study whether GCSE students revise better when playing classical music in the background versus rock music in the background
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to do this you would
You could have participants revise one topic on a Monday with rock music and do a small recall test, then have those same participants revise a different topic the following Monday with classical music and do a small recall test
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what might affect performance,
gender, age, , etc
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define when Each condition uses different but similar participants.
Matched Pairs:
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target population might be
smaller group such as teenagers, preschool children or people who misuse drugs.
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group of research participants.
• A sample
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what do we need to make sure that the sample we select is going to represent the target population
we need to make sure that the people in it are similar to the other members of the target population. This is important because we want to generalize from the sample to target population.
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why is it important that in research, the sample, should be as representative as possible of the target population.
The more representative the sample, the more confident the researcher can be that the results can be generalized to the target population.
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A sample needs to be
representative of the target population –
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it needs to reflect
who is in the target population – so it will represent a range of characteristics e.g. age, gender, race, religion, education, personality and intelligence.
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A sample of only UK university students
is not representative of the entire UK population
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A sample of 1st year UK university students
is not representative of all UK university students, nor is it representative of the entire UK population
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A sample of female 1st year UK university students is not
representative of all UK 1st year UK university students nor is it representative of all UK university students, nor is it representative of the entire UK population
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A sample needs to be representative
A sample needs to be representative of the target population.
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who will our sample reflect
our sample will reflect who is in the target population – so it will represent a range of characteristics e.g. age, personality and intelligence.
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define Random Sampling
Everyone in the entire target population has an equal chance of being selected.
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what do Random samples require
Random samples require a way of naming or numbering the target population and then using some type of raffle method to choose those to make up the sample.
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Random sampling is best when
your target population isn't too large and you can get hold of a "master list" of all the members, like a student register or employee payroll.
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define Stratified Sampling
The researcher identifies the different types of people that make up the target population and works out the proportions needed for the sample to be representative.
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define Opportunity Sampling
people from target population available at the time and willing to take part. It is based on convenience.
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what does Volunteer sampling involve
Volunteer sampling involves asking for volunteers – for example, in a local newspaper or via social media.
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define Research Validity
A test is considered valid if it measures what it claims to measure.
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• Internal validity refers to
whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor.
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External validity refers to
the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings (ecological validity), other people (population validity) and over time (historical validity).
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Research Reliability
refers to the consistency of an outcome or result of an investigation, which means that the same result is found again and again.
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findings are reliable if
If findings from research can be replicated by other researchers, consistently
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the outcome of the research may not have been a result of the IV.
oIf sampling methods lead to a biased sample
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oIn an independent measures design, participants differ between conditions, so
there can be variability between groups due to participant variables. This can lead to unreliable findings.
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Card 2

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define Hypothesis

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what you think the results will show

Card 3

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define methology

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Card 4

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define experimental

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Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

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define variables

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