2Ed education policies

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what are the two political views of education?
social democratic and neo-liberal
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what are the social democratic views?
equal opportunity for all students no matter their characteristics, supportive of comprehensive systems and against selective systems
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what are the neo-liberal views?
education should be privatised with more competition between schools and the state should have little involvement
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what was the name of the three tier system of schools?
tripartite system
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what act introduced the three tier system
butler act 1944
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what exam did all pupils take?
11+
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what were the three schools in the 3 tier system?
grammar schools, technical schools and secondary modern schools
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what was the aim of the 3 tier system?
to send pupils to the school that suits their needs the most and for all schools to have similar quality teaching and resources
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what are some strengths of the 3 tier system?
social mobility for pupils, equal chance of taking 11+, put pupils in the school they were suited to
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what are some weaknesses of the 3 tier system?
social class divide between schools, middle class pupils had access to parental support and were more likely to pass 11+, girls needed more to pass, pressure, 11+ was academic, secondary modern schools and pupils were stigmatised, low confidence
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who introduced the comprehenisve system and when?
the labour government in the 60s
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what was the comprehensive system?
an education system where all pupils went to the same school no matter their ability and selection policies were removed, the school pupils attended was based on where they lived
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what are some strengths of the comprehensive system?
removed pressure of the 11+, all schools were the same meaning no negative labelling, same schools with equal opportunity, pupils learned in all areas, bigger schools with more resources
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what are some weaknesses of the comprehensive system?
setting and streaming caused social class divide and negative labelling of pupils in low sets, parents of different social classes gave their children different amounts of support, held back more able children
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what is vocationalism?
education schemes introduced by the government which involved work-based learning
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why did the government introduce vocationalism and when?
in the 70s because britain was experiencing an economic decline with high levels of unemployment and society needed more people with skills for work
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what were the types of vocationalism offerred?
youth training scheme, qualifications such as NVQs and BTECs and work experience
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what are some weaknesses of vocationalism?
not seen as equal to academic qualifications, negative labelling of them and pupils taking them, stereotyping working class of taking them, schools neglected those taking vocational courses, pupils had low confidence, courses were poor quality
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what was the name of the act introduced by the conservative government
education reform act 1988
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what was the aim of the era?
marketisation where schools acted like businesses and marketed themselves and competed with other schools to gain pupils who had more choice
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what policies did the era introduce?
national curriculum, SATS/GCSEs, key stages, league tables, open enrolment and formula funding
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what are some strengths of the era?
encouraged schools to improve their standards, pupils had more choice of school, all pupils learned the same things, more responsibility on teachers
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what are some weaknesses of the era?
turned schools into exam factories, social class divide, ethnocentric curriculum, negative labelling of certain schools
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what are league tables?
tables measuring the performance of different schools based on their SATs/GCSE results published online
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what are the strengths of league tables?
quick and easy to compare schools especially for parents with little time, encourages the school to provide good quality teaching, comparing schools on what is most important
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what are the weaknesses of league tables?
no measurement of pupils happiness, creates pressure, social class divide between low and high ranking schools, turns schools into exam factories, results could be manipulated
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what was the national curriculum?
a plan of the things that all children in the UK would learn only applying to state schools
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what were the core subjects of the national curriculum?
science, english and maths
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what are the strengths of the national curriculum?
all pupils across the UK learned the same things, easy for those moving schools, made it easy to compare schools, equality of subjects taught
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what are the weaknesses of the national curriculum?
little flexibility for the school to teach what they wanted, core subjects were only academic, ethnocentric, not applicable to private schools
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what are SATs/GCSEs?
SATs - exams took by year 6 pupils GCSEs - exams took by year 11 pupils
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what are the strengths of SATs and GCSEs?
provided the information in the league tables, introduced primary school children to exams, allows pupils to gain qualifications for employment
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what are the weaknesses of SATs and GCSEs?
pressure, academic tests, high social classes could afford private tuition, working class students had less support at home
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what is open enrolment?
parents chose the school their children went to based on preference
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what is formula funding?
funding was given to schools per each pupil they had
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what are the strengths of open enrolment/formula funding?
the best schools grew, encouraged schools to raise their standards, choice of schools
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what are thee weaknesses of open enrolment/formula funding?
more money spent on advertising instead of teaching, created sink schools as the schools needing the most help would get less money
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what were the two types of parental choosers?
privileged skilled choosers and disconnected choosers?
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who named the two types of choosers?
Gerwirtz
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who are privileged skilled choosers?
mainly middle class parents who have the knowledge and money make good choices of the school their children went to
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who are disconnected choosers?
mainly working class parents who dont have the knowledge and money to make a good choice of school and often chose the nearest school
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what were the two processes schools used to select pupils?
cream skimming and silt shifting?
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who named the selection processes?
Bartlett
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what is cream skimming?
when schools were selective of the best students
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what is silt shifting?
when schools avoided enrolling the less able pupils
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what were the education policies introduced by the new labour and when?
compulsory education policies 1977
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what were the aims of the new labour policies?
to reduce inequality and make up for what pupils lacked in their background
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what were the new labour policies?
sure start, EMA, EAZ, aim higher, homework clubs
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what were sure start centres and what did they do?
centres set up in disadvantaged areas providing support to children before they started school and their families. they provided education for children and adults, childcare, parental advice and support and employment help
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what are the strengths of sure start centres?
children who attended had better physical health and less chaotic home environment, helped parents in difficult times, children werent disciplined as harsh
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what are the weaknesses of sure start centres?
no actual evidence of educational improvement, many closed due to government cuts, mothers attending showed more depressive symptoms
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what were homework clubs?
after-school clubs offered to low income pupils who didnt have resources to do their homework at home
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what were the weaknesses of homework clubs?
only offered to disadvantaged pupils, not enough places for pupils who needed them
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what were education action zones
disadvantaged areas where schools and local businesses worked together to improve and support the school by providing them with resources and sponsors
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what were the weaknesses of education action zones?
ineffective and complicated
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what was education maintanance allowance?
a means tested weekly payment given to pupils in further education to help fund their studies
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what were the weaknesses of education maintanance allowance?
pupils often didnt spend the money on their education, issues with means testing meant some got the allowance when they didnt need it
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what was aim higher?
a scheme aimed to encourage working class pupils to go to university by providing them with trips and talks
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what were the weaknesses of aim higher?
tuition fees made it difficult for low income pupils to go to university, didnt encourage enough pupils to go to university
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which government introduced the FACT policies and when?
coalition government in 2010
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what did FACT stand for?
free schools, academies, curriculum change and tuition fees
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what are free schools?
schools that are set up to meet a specific need by groups of teachers, parents, religious groups etc who set up a trust
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what are the weaknesses of free schools?
in sweden they were found to only benefit educated families, set up in small areas with low populations, the group may not have the skills needed to set up a skill, trojan horse scandal, mainly in middle class areas
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what are academies?
state funded independent schools which are funded by the government but the school has freedom in how they spend the money
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what are the weaknesses of academies?
senior staff often have high salaries while teachers have low salaries, chains of academies grow and dominate too quickly, little teaching flexibility
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what did the curriculum change include?
more emphasis on spelling and grammar in english and pupils were expected to know more at a younger age in maths, new grading system of 1-9, a-levels made more challenging and reduction of coursework
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what are the weaknesses of the curriculum change?
new grading system was confusing, difficult for those who struggle with a-level exams, expensive to buy new textbooks, the curriculum change was only academic
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who introduced tuiton fees and how much were they?
they were introduced by new labour and were £1000 at first but have increased to £9250
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what are the weaknesses of tuition fees?
discourages low income students from going to university, parents often dont understand them so discourage their children from going, difficult for students to balance their education and a job
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what are the two types of privatisation of education?
endogenous and exogenous
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what is endogenous privatisation?
privatisation which occurs within the education system such as schools managing themselves and competing for pupils. teachers are often on performance related pay and parents have more choice
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what is exogenous privatisation?
privatisation which occurs outside of the education system such as schools being built by trusts, agency supply teachers, work experience/career advice arranged with businesses, ofsted inspections
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what is the cola-isation of schools
sponsorships in schools from businesses such as sports events and equipment, vending machines, pe kits and classroom equipment
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what are the four ways that education has become globalised?
marketisation, international comparisons, migration and decline in male jobs
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how has marketisation caused education to become globalised?
education is now a global market and curriculums are often created by global businesses like pearson and AQA
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how have international comparisons caused education to become globalised?
PISA are the global league tables comparing countries based on their maths, english and science results. UK policies have also been introduced as a result of international comparisons
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what are the weaknesses of international comparisons?
the subjects are academic, countries have different amounts of schools depending on the size of the country and it doesnt measure pupil happiness
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how has migration caused education to become globalised?
faith schools are set up for different religions, schools have support staff for pupils who dont speak english, the national curriculum is more diverse (6 world religions), university pupils come from abroad to study in the UK
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how has the decline in male jobs caused education to become globalised?
male manual labour jobs have moved abroad where labour is cheaper causing boys to give up on their education because they dont feel that they will get a proper job when leaving school
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which education policies aimed to reduce inequality?
tripartite system, comprehensive schools, new labour policies
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which education policies aimed to drive standards?
vocationalism, education reform act, academies, curriculum change
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which education policies aimed to increase diversity?
tripartite system, free schools, academies, vocationalism
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which education policy aimed to save money?
tuition fees
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what are the social democratic views?

Back

equal opportunity for all students no matter their characteristics, supportive of comprehensive systems and against selective systems

Card 3

Front

what are the neo-liberal views?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what was the name of the three tier system of schools?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what act introduced the three tier system

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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