14.From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression

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  • Created by: kpaul1234
  • Created on: 18-05-21 07:43
Define transcription
The synthesis of RNA using one strand of DNA as a template.
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Define translation
The synthesis of a protein (polypeptide). Takes place on ribosomes, using the information encoded in messenger RNA.
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Define central dogma
The premise that information flows from DNA to RNA to polypeptide.
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Describe the structure and function of messenger RNA
Transcript of a region of one of the strands of DNA; carries information (as a sequence of codons) for the synthesis of one or more proteins.
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Describe the structure and function of a ribosome
A small particle in the cell that is the site of protein synthesis.
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Describe the structure and function of ribosomal RNA
Several species of RNA that are incorporated into the ribosome. Involved in peptide bond formation.
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Describe the structure and function of transfer RNA
A family of folded RNA molecules. Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid and anticodon that will pair with the complementary codon in mRNA during translation.
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Define reverse transcription
An enzyme that catalyzes the production of DNA (cDNA), using RNA as a template; essential to the reproduction of retrovirus.
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Define a promoter
A DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.
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Define an initiation site
The part of a promoter where transcription begins.
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Describe the process of elongation
The addition of monomers to make a longer RNA or protein during trasnscription or translation.
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Describe the process of termination
In molecular biology, the end of transcription or translation.
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Define a genetic code
The set of instructions, in the form of nucleotide triplets, that translate a linear sequence of nucleotides in mRNA into a linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.
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Define a codon
Three nucleotides in messenger RNA that direct the placement of a particular amino acid into a polypeptide chain.
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Define a start codon
The mRNA triplet (AUG) that acts as a signal for the beginning of translation at the ribosome.
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Define a stop codon
Any of the three mRNA codons that signal the end of protein translation at the ribosome: UAG, UGA, UAA.
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Describe the process of nucleic acid hybridisation
A technique in which a single-stranded nucleic acid probe is made that is complementary to, and binds to, a target sequence, either DNA or RNA. The resulting double-stranded molecule is a hybrid.
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Define a probe
A segment of single-stranded nucleic acid used to identify DNA molecules containing the complementary sequence.
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Define pre-mRNA
Initial gene transcript before it is modified to produce functional mRNA. Also known as the primary transcript.
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Define an intron
Portion of a gene within the coding region that is transcribed into pre-mRNA but is spliced out prior to translation.
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Define an exon
A portion of a DNA molecule, in eukaryotes, that codes for part of a polypeptide.
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Define a domain
An independent structural element within a protein. Encoded by recognizable nucleotide sequences, a domain often folds separately from the rest of the protein.
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Describe the process of RNA splicing
The last stage of RNA processing in eukaryotes, in which the transcripts of introns are excised through the action of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNP).
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Define an anticodon
The three nucleotides in transfer RNA that pair with a complementary triplet (a codon) in messenger RNA.
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Define a Poly A Tail
A long sequence of adenine nucleotides (50-250) added after transcription tot the 3' end of most eukaryotic mRNAs.
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Define an initiation complex
In protein translation, a combination of a small ribosomal subunit, an mRNA molecule, and the tRNA charged with the first amino acid coded for by the mRNA ;formed at the onset of translation.
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Describe the structure and function polyribosomes
A complex consisting of a threadlike molecule of messenger RNA and several (or many) ribosomes.
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Define a signal sequence
The sequence within a protein that directs the protein to a particular organelle.
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Describe the process of Proteolysis
An enzymatic digestion of a protein or polypeptide.
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Describe the process of Glycosylation
The addition of carbohydrates to another type of molecule, such as a protein.
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Describe the process of Phosphorylation
Addition of a phosphate group.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define translation

Back

The synthesis of a protein (polypeptide). Takes place on ribosomes, using the information encoded in messenger RNA.

Card 3

Front

Define central dogma

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Describe the structure and function of messenger RNA

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Describe the structure and function of a ribosome

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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