1.1 Hardware and communication

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Hardware
describes all the physical, electronic and mechanical components forming part of a computer system.
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Control Unit
manages the fetch, decode, execute cycle
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ALU (Arithmetic logic unit)
processes and manipulates data which consists of arithmetic operations or logical comparisons. Allows decisions to be made
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Registers
is a temporary data store but not in main memory e.g. MAR, MDR, CIR
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Cache memory
cache memory can be accessed by a CPU more quickly than it can access regular RAM to execute frequently accessed items of code (e.g. loops)
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Bus
connects the internal components of a computer, such as CPU and memory, to the motherboard
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RAM (Random access memory)
temporary store that contains programs or data currently in use
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Parallel processing
is the simultaneous use of several processors to perform a single task
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Program Counter (PC)
points to the next instruction to be fetched and executed
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Memory address register (MAR)
holds the address of the currently addressed memory location
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Memory data register (MDR)
holds the code read from the currently addressed memory location
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Current instruction register (CIR)
holds the most recently fetched machine code instruction
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Fragmentation
files are split up and stored on different parts of the disc. It will slow down disc access speed.
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Defragmentation
file parts are physically re-arranged on disc and is needed occasionally to speed up file access.
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Network
a network is a linked set of computer systems, which may be capable of sharing computer power and resources such as printers and databases.
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Protocol
is a standard set of rules that allow devices to communicate with each other
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HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol)
allows the transfer of multimedia webpages over the Internet
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FTP (File transfer protocol)
allows the transfer of large files over a network
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SMTP (Simple message transfer protocol)
allows emails to be sent over a network
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TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol/internet protocol)
allows any networked computers to communicate with each other
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IMAP (Instant message access protocol)
allows emails to be transferred between computer systems (via the Internet)
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DHCP (Dynamic host communication protocol)
assigns unique addresses to devices on a network
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UDP (Unique datagram protocol)
sends datagrams across a network with very few error recovery services
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Handshaking
handshaking is the process that establishes if a device is ready to communicate
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Internet
is a (world-wide) networked information and communication system freely available via any connected computer/device
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

manages the fetch, decode, execute cycle

Back

Control Unit

Card 3

Front

processes and manipulates data which consists of arithmetic operations or logical comparisons. Allows decisions to be made

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

is a temporary data store but not in main memory e.g. MAR, MDR, CIR

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

cache memory can be accessed by a CPU more quickly than it can access regular RAM to execute frequently accessed items of code (e.g. loops)

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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