Sociology Unit 1: Culture and Identity
- Created by: T@ylor
- Created on: 10-05-14 18:48
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Theories
Marxist
- MACRO- individual is product of economic forces and economy (infrastructure) of society determines beliefs and values of society (superstructure)
- class conflict is most important force in society
- Relations of Production- alienation and exploitation= can lead to becoming wage slave- Surplus Value for Bourgeoisie
- Proletariat is brainwashed into FCC
- Althusser divided Marx's superstructure into ISA (ideological state apparatus) and RSA (repressive state apparatus)
- Marx's 4 Eco Stages:
- Primative Communism
- Slavery
- Feudalism
- Capitalism
Marxist Criticisms
- Func- Marx put too much emphasis on role of eco structure in shaping ideas and beliefs
- Post- social class doesn't have such importance on identity any more
- Inter- MArx put too much emphasis on class- not enough on individuals
Functionalist
- MACRO- society is system made up of interrelated and interdependet parts held together by a shared culture or value consensus
- individual is the product of society and structure of society are set up to run as smoothly as possible
- Durkheim's Organic Analogy
Functionalist Criticisms
- macro theory- ignores influence of individual and free will
- cultural diversity and no dominant culturee
- social conflicts in society and within groups is not accounted for
Interactionist
- micro- focus on actions and thoughts of individuals, believe culture comes from people's own ideas of how to interact
- Becker's Labelling Theory
- Goffman's Dramaturgical Analogy
- George Herbert Mead 'I' and 'Me'
- Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self
Interactionist Criticisms
- Marx- doesn't pay attention to conflict
- Func- doesn't acknowledge importance of socialisation
Postmodernist
- micro
- media saturated culture
- people construct identity through consumption + material goods creating 'lifestyle choice
- Stuart Hall- diversity results in fragmented identities and people can construct identity from diff cultures
- Zygmunt Bauman-identity has ceased to have stable base and has become matter of choice
- the way people use clture reflects their fragmented identity
Postmodernist Criticisms
- aspects are exaggerated
- consumption has increased in importance but does not exist in a vacuum
- ability to make choices is contrained by gender, ethnicity, class etc
Modernist
- MACRO
- production is industrial + eco relationships are capitalist
- early modernity was associated with urbanisation
- Marx + Dirkheim- social structures control individuals
- tradition, religion + superstition provided basic views of world before industrialisation- now shaped by science + fact
- gov is bureacratic state that takes responsibility for eco + welfare of citizens
Gender & Identity
- Gender Codes
- colour
- appearance
- toy
- play
- control
- Family
- manipulation
- canalisation
- verbal appellations
- domestic activities
- School
- ed passes on gender stereotyped assumptions about how males + females behave
- feminist studies in 7-s suggest females underachieve b/c their ed regarded as less important than boys- left at 16
- Shapre's early 70s survey of w/class girls= female identity revolved more around relationships with mean and maternal roles than ed + careers
- Skelton- school creates gender stereotypes + maintains those learnt at home
- Media
- mass helps build gender roles
- McRobbie- teen mags reinforce conventional notions of feminity
- Wolf- advertising presents unobtainable 'ideal image' for women
- Joan Smith "Diff for Girls' book- culture creates + perpetuates gender diff
- Billington- mass media traditionally portarys masculinity as dominant + feminity as subordinate
- Criticisms
- huge diff…
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