Respiration system

Anatomy of the respiration system 

• Consists of the structures used to aquire oxygen (O2)
• Remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from blood 
• Oxygen is needed for the body's cells to synthesize the chemical energy molecule ATP
• Carbon dioxide is a by-product of ATP production and must be removed from the blood 
• Increased levels of C02, will lower pH of blood
• Blood pH must be maintained  within relatively narrow limits to maintain homeostatis. 

Functions of the respitory system 

• Ventilation and respitory occur in diffrent regions of the respitory tract 
• Respitory tract is seperated into two regions (Upper respitory tract, contains larynx) and the lower respitory tract (trachea and alveoli and lungs)
• Infections of the upper respitory tract are common
• Upper and lower respitory tract can be subdivided between structures used for ventillation and structures used for respiration. 
• Conducting zone encompasses the structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation. 
• Respitory zone is solely within the lungs and includes some specialised small air tubes and alveoli
• Gas exchange occurs within the respiratory zone.

Behaviour of gases

• Ventilation is simply the movement of air into and out fof lungs 
• Two primary aspects to ventilation; 1) actions of the muscles of respiration 2) air pressure 

Pulmonary volumes and capacities

• Spierometry is the process of measuring volumes of air that moves into and out of the respiration system
• Spirometer is the device used to measure the pulmonary volumes 
• Four diffrent pulmonary volumes measured in spirometery. 
• Tidal volume - the tidal volume is the normal volume of air inspired and expired with each breath. At rest, quiet breathing results in a tidal volume of 500mL
• Inspiratory reserve volume - the inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air pressure that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration (3000mL at rest)
• Expiratory reserve volume - the expiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration (1100 at rest)

Partial pressure 

• Mechanisms beghind movement of 02 into the blood and CO2 out of the blood, we must know how the amount of gas in a mixture of gases is meaured. 
• Atmospheric pressure is due to a mixture of gases, each of which is present in a diffrent amount
• Term pressure is used to express the amount of gas in a mixture
• Concentration is for solutes 
• Dalton's law - the total pressure of a gas is the sum of the individual pressures of each gas
• Individual…