PUNISHMENT

                                                   REDUCTION

DETERRENCE - punishing the individual discourages them from future offending. 'Making an example' of them may also serve as a deterrent to the public at large. Deterrence policies include Mrs Thatcher's Conservative govts. 'short, sharp shock' regime in young offenders' institutions in the 1980s. 

REHABILITATION - punishment can be used to reform or change offenders so they no longer offend. Rehabilitation policies inc. providing education and training for prisoners so that they are able to 'earn an honest living' on release, and anger management courses for violent offenders

INCAPACITATION - use of punishment to remove the offender's capacity to offend again. Policies in different societies have inc. imprisonment, execution, cutting off of hands, chemical castration. Increasingly popular with politicians - American 'three strikes and you're out' policy and view that 'prison works' because it removes offenders from society. 

Justification is an instrumental one - punishment is a means to an…