psychopathology

behavioural explanation to phobias: classical conditioning explains the initiantion of phobias through association. operant conditioning explains the maintenance of the phobia
Little albert 'white rat' example.
i am scared of spiders, so i avoid them. if i avoid them, it reduces my anxiety. therfore, by avoidance i am rewarded. this is called negative reinforcement (operant conditioning)
what if phobias are genetic? the diathesis stress model says phobias arise from gene-environment interaction.
Two-process model is oversimplifies - not everyone who has a traumatic event with a dog is scared of them
systematic desensitisation - counter conditioning, relaxation techniques, fear hierachy.
flooding - full exposure to the feared situation. in vivo/ in vitro
SD - can be self administered, in vivo (real) is more successful
Flooding - very traumatic procedure, CHOY (more effective than SD)
cognitive explanations for deprssion - Becks negative triad
negetaive schemas- self, world, future trapped in a negative thinking cycle
Ellis' ABC model- based on irrational beliefs and consequences from an activating event
Mustabatory thinking - thinking certain ideas must be true for someone to be happy (must be approved and accepted by society etc)
Many practical applications in the success of CBT
CBT blames the client rather than the…

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