Omissions (murder application question)

• Doing nothing/failing to act
• In failing to take steps to helping V under a duty ---> amounts to physical element of crimes of muder and manslaughter

1. Duty out of contractual liability

Pittwood - manslaughter (duty to keep public safe)

Adomako - fell asleep, anaesthetist

2. Duty arising out of relationship

Gibbins and Proctor - parents duty to children, spouses to partner

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