OCR GCE Biology - Exchange and Transport

Why do cells need to take in oxygen?
-Aerobic respiration

-Nutrient

 

Name 2 waste products of cells

-Urea

-Carbon dioxide

 

What does the ease of exchanging substances depend on?

-Surface area to volume ratio

 

Smaller animal have h***** SA:V ratio

-Higher

 

How do you calculate SA:V ratio?
-Divide surface area by volume

 

What sort of SA:V ratio do large organisms have in comparison to small organisms?

-Small

 

What do large organisms need, due to their small SA:V ratio?

-Exchange organs

 

Give examples of substances that must be supplied to cells for respiration

-Oxygen, glucose

 

Why do waste products need to be removed from a cell?

-Stop it damaging itself

 

In single-celled organisms, substances can ******* directly into or out of the cell across the cell surface membrane

-Diffuse

 

The diffusion rate is q**** for single-celled organisms

-Quick

 

Why is the diffusion rate for single-celled organisms quick?
-Substances have to travel small distances only

 

In what sorts of organisms/animals is the diffusion rate slow? Why?

-Multicellular animals/organisms

-Some cells are deep within the body – there’s a big distance between them and the outside environment

-Larger animals have a low surface area to volume ratio – it’s difficult to exchange enough substances to supply a large volume of animal through a relatively small outer surface

Give an example of a specialised exchange organ?

-Lungs etc.

 

Describe the route of air in the lungs?

-1-Trachea

-2-Air splits into two bronchi – one bronchus leading to each lung

-3-Bronchus branches off into smaller tubes called bronchioles

-4-Bronchioles end in small ‘air sacs’ called alveoli, where gases are exchanged

-5-Ribcage, intercostal muscles and diaphragm work together to move air in and out

 

Where does gas exchange happen?

-Alveoli

 

What is an alveolus made of?

-Single layer of thin, flat cells called the alveolar epithelium

 

Describe the alveoli

-Arranged in bunches at the end of bronchioles

-Surrounded by a network of capillaries, giving each alveolus its own blood supply

 

Is it epithelial tissue common in the body? Where is it found?

-Yes

-Exchange surfaces

 

What is the name of the tissue that makes the capillary?

-Capillary endothelium

 

Briefly describe deoxygenate blood being oxygenated at the capillary

-O₂ diffuses out of the alveoli, across the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium, and into haemoglobin in the blood

-CO₂ diffuses into the alveoli from the blood, crossing the capillary endothelium then the alveolar epithelium. After entering the alveolar space, it’s breathed out

 

Name 2 things most gas exchange surfaces have in common

-Large surface area, which increases the rate of diffusion

-Thin (often just 1 layer of epithelial cells) – provides a short diffusion pathway across the gas exchange surface, which increases the rate of diffusion

 

Outline how large surface area and thin wall are shown in the lungs

-Alveoli (large surface area)

-Thin wall (alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium) one cell thick giving…