Human challenges

URBANISATION

• Happening fastest in the poorest countries
• Over 50% of the world live in urban areas
• HICs are more economically developed eg. UK because urbanisation occured in the industrial revolution
• HICs have a slow rate of urban growth and many desire a better quality of life in rural areas
• Good transport links means people in HICs can live away from the cities and commute
• LEDCs have the fastest rate of urbanistaion 
• NEEs- the economy is developing rapidly eg. Brazil
• Urbanisation is caused by rural to urban migration and natural increase

URBAN DECLINE- Deterioration of the inner city caused by lack of investment

URBAN DEPRIVATION- Standard of living below that of the majority in a particular society that involves hardships and lack of access to resources

PUSH FACTORS

• Natural distasters can damage property and farmland which people cannot afford to fix
• Mechanisation of agricultural equipment (fewer jobs in farming)
• Desertification can make land unproductive 
• Conflicts

PULL FACTORS

• Job opportunities
• Healthcare and education 
• Join other family members
• Better quality of life
• Night life and entertainment

• Natural increase is when the birth rate is higher than the death rate
• Young people move to cities to find work- these couples the have children 
• Better healthcare means people live longer
• Mega cities have over 10 million people 

OPPORTUNITIES

SOCIAL

• Healthcare and education
• Better water and electricity resources

ECONOMIC

• Industries develop- more people come to work in the factories as there are lots of opportunities and better pay than farming work
• The factories are able to produce large quantities of manufactured goods which can be traded to increase profit (manufactured goods make more money than the raw product) 
• The country gets wealthier as a result

CHALLENGES

SOCIAL & ECONOMIC

• Many people end up in illegal squatter settlements as they cannot afford the expensive house prices
  • Badly built
  • Overcrowded
  • No clean water supply
  • No healthcare or education
  • High unemployment and crime rates

ENVIRONMENTAL

• Rubbish isnt collected- toxic
• Air pollution from factories and cars
• Sewage harms wildlife
• Congestion emits greenhouse gases

FAVELA…