English Language Paper 1 notes:

Phonetics, phonology and prosodics:

• Phoneme: the basic unit of sound.
• Diphthong: a vowel sound that is the combination of two separate sounds, where a speaker glides from one to another.
• Voicing: the act of the vocal cords either vibrating (voiced) or not vibrating (unvoiced) in the production of a consonant sound.
• Place of articulation: the position in the mouth where a consonant sound is produced.
• Manner of articulation: the extent to which airflow is interrupted by parts of the mouth in the production of consonant sounds.
• Syllable: a sound unit with a vowel at its centre.
• Accent: a regional variety of speech that differs from other regional varieties in terms of pronunciation.
• Accommodation: the ways that individuals adjust their speech patterns to match others.
• Sound iconicity: the use of the sound system to mirror form or meaning.
• International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): an internationally recognised system of phonetic transcription.

Lexis and semantics: 

• Denotative and connotative meanings: the literal (denotative) and associated (connotative) meanings of words.
• Figurative language: language used in a non-literal way in order to describe something in…