Determinism

We are only morally responsible for the actions we carry out freely and deliberately.
Every single event in the universe has a prior cause. We must translate our decisions into the language of natural science.

Clarence Darrow - Leopold and Loeb murdered Bobby Franks. Darrow argued that their sentence should be reduced from death to life imprisonment. It was not their fault, he argued, they had neglectful parents and were sent to a boarding school where they were bored by education. Therefore it is concluded that their crime was as a result of their upbringing.

John Hospers - There is always something that compels us to perform an action that we think is due to free will.

Spinoza…